Comment and Citation Guidelines

Overview

Who should use these guidelines?

The ICC Forum supports two styles of comments:

Self-formatted Comments

Users can format their own comments using the online tools provided by the ICC Forum. Users who are registered and logged in will see, on the pages for each issue, a button labeled: “Write a Comment on This Issue”.

In the big comment field, users can write or paste their comment written in plain text, limited HTML, or Markdown. URLs and email addresses are automatically converted to clickable links. Bold, italic, tags and other HTML is permitted. Other optional HTML and Markdown formatting enhancements are supported but Self-formatted Comments are filtered to remove potentially harmful javascript and other content.

After the comment has been moderated, it appears in the formatting style created by the author. The webmaster will sometimes go back and recode a long Self-formatted Comment to make it collapsible or fix significant coding errors. Self-formatted Comments may not be longer than 5000 words.

The guidelines that follow on this page aren’t designed for the authors of Self-formatted Comments who are free to ignore them.

Coded Comments

Coded Comments are authored as Microsoft Word format documents. Coded Comments can contain more complex features than Self-formatted Comments would allow — usually footnotes and outlined headings, but sometimes figures, lists, block quotes, author remarks, tables, embedded videos, and more.

Coded Comments are sent via email attachment to admin@iccforum.com. During coding (Coding or Coded), the webmaster manually converts the comment into HTML for publication on the ICC Forum. Coded Comments may not be longer than 10,000 words.

Authors of Coded Comments need to follow these guidelines.

Citations are a picky business. These guidelines are intended to assist a Coded Comment author properly implement the ICC Forum’s citation style. These guidelines are different from how an article would be submitted elsewhere because the formatting task is performed by the webmaster during Coding rather than by the author in the submitted Word document. (In this context, formatting refers to changing fonts to small caps or all uppercase, italicizing titles and signals, abbreviating the names of publishers and dates, and a variety of other changes to the way a citation looks.) This approach helps keep formatting consistent across the ICC Forum.

Authors submitting legal articles elsewhere may find these Guidelines useful too. Those authors should use the “Results” section in each exemplar for guidance on appropriate citation form. But be warned that citation style is controversal; each publication tends to be highly opinionated. Don’t be surprised to find citation conventions that differ from these. As an online publication, the ICC Forum has developed its own approach to linking to publishers and source material, so our citation style is particularly different in the URLs and source location sections. Also Coding Markers are solely an ICC Forum innovation and are not used in submissions to other publications.

Finally, we must admit that the ICC Forum citation style evolves over time and is not perfectly applied across this site. There are plenty of examples of comments on the ICC Forum whose citations violate the rules set out in these Guidelines.
The ICC Forum is an online publication. Linking to online versions of source material in citations is important to our readers. Provide an online version of your source – a URL – unless you determine after a diligent search that it’s just not available. You need to do some research to find an online version. If you are a legal academic or professional, you may have access to resources not available to the general public; prefer links to publicly available sources over links to sources behind a paywall. See below.
For citation style rules, we generally follow The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 21st edition, [hereinafter Bluebook] online version paywall, except:
- Don’t format citations in Word: no small-caps fonts or all caps. This happens when the citations are Coded. See below.
- Don’t abbreviate the names of publications — spell them out. Abbreviations happen when the citations are Coded. See below.
- Don’t abbreviate the months of dates in citations — spell them out. See below.
- Add Coding Markers to assist in communicating specific information about your citation for the Coding process. See below.
- Bluebook has some arcane rules which are not followed on the Forum. In particular, Bluebook recommends formatting sources differently depending on the court. For example, for International Court of Justice cases, Bluebook R21.5.1 omits the year from the date, relying on the fact that the year is used as the I.C.J Reporter series number. 1986 I.C.J. 14 (June 27). We don’t do that. We just put the year after the month and day where it belongs. 1986 I.C.J. 14 (June 27, 1986). See example.
For general questions of grammar and usage, we consult the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition, online version paywall.
Another valuable style reference is the American Psychological Association Styles (APA Style). The seventh edition is often referred to as APA 7. While APA 7 is sold as a book, there is a useful non-official version maintained by Walden University, available online. The ICC Forum uses Bluebook citation form, supra, which differs from the form adopted by APA, but APA 7 can still be helpful for a myriad of style questions that impact citations.
Coding Markers are only used at the ICC Forum and not at other publications. They are designed to clarify an author’s intent and communicate useful information to the webmaster who is coding the comment into HTML. A Coding Marker is an all caps word with no spaces wrapped in brackets in the general form: [ALLCAPS]

Examples are: [BLOCKQUOTE] [REMARK] [REF] [PDF] [DOC] [SIGNAL] [LATIN] [LIST] [BOOK] [REPORT] [NOTFOUND] [NOTE] Proper use of these Coding Markers are described in various sections below that can be reached by clicking on a particular Coding Marker above. Coding Markers are always removed during Coding and prior to posting the comment. For more on Coding Markers generally, see below.
When referring to a citation that has previously been cited in full, never repeat a full citation in a subsequent footnote. Always use either id. or supra See below.
Please refer to your comment as a comment not an article or a paper. Also, if you are referring to what you plan to show in the Comment, use present tense. For example:

In this comment, I argue that the ICC needs to… not In this article, I will argue that the ICC needs to…
Only registered users can post comments.
- You need to create an account on the ICC Forum.
- Recommendation: use your full name (or last name) as your username. Usernames can have spaces; e.g. Christopher Werby is my username. Your username serves as your byline next to your posted comment.
- Recommendation: use a strong password. You can make a good strong password by using two or more unrelated dictionary words separated by a symbol, e.g. smudge*fireball Don’t use the same password at multiple sites. Your passwords will be strongest if you don't have to remember them; use a password keeper like 1Password or LastPass.
- Recommendation: create a profile with a portrait photo. The photo is always displayed next to your comment. So make it a nice one.
Final Coded Comments are submitted via email to admin@iccforum.com as an attached Word document. It’s fine to embed images in the Word document, but they must also be sent as separate attachments, with no lossy compression and at high resolution. If you have created a figure or a table, send the original creation document as well as the uncompressed output. This can be helpful, especially if there are errors that need to be corrected or a higher resolution version is needed. Generally, sending too much is better than not sending enough. Also remember to include your ICC Forum username with your submission.

Please be sure only to submit your comment when it is in final form. While an exception may be made for a typo or two, once your comment has been Coded, it cannot be revised. Adding a footnote that changes the numbering of the other footnotes is particularly impossible.

Entire Comment

The “Entire Comment” section of these guidelines refers to items that are applicable to both the Comment Body (main text) and the Citations sections of your comment.

The formatting of citations happens when the comment is Coded, not in your Word document. In some ways, this makes things easier. In your citations, the use of italics is not required; presentation styles that you might otherwise make manually in your Word document are applied during Coding.

Don’t format citations in Word. Do not use small-caps fonts or all caps. E.g. for the title to a book, use Practice in the International Criminal Court not Practice in the International Criminal Court nor PRACTICE IN THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

Don’t include a byline, bio, table of contents, or other extraneous material in your comment.
Coding Markers are only used at the ICC Forum and not at other publications. They are used to communicate your intent and other important information to the webmaster who codes your comment into HTML. Coding Markers are always removed prior to publication. Coding Markers are in the general form of a single all-caps word with no spaces wrapped in brackets: [ALLCAPS]

Here are some Coding Markers separated into those useful for the whole comment and those which are only used in citations; click on any of them for detailed information on their individual use.

Coding Markers that are Used in Both Main Comment and Citations
- [BLOCKQUOTE] — used in main text area for long quotes (50 or more words) and in footnotes for quotes.
- [REF] — internal references that link to another section of the comment.
- [LIST] — ordered or unordered lists. Place this Coding Marker at the beginning of the list.
- [SIGNAL] — used to treat the following word or phrase as a signal. Only use if the signal isn’t in the recognized list, (e.g. “Compare e.g.”).
- [LATIN] — if a foreign language phrase isn’t in the recognized list, use the Coding Marker, followed by the definition within parentheses, to treat the following word or phrase as foreign language. It doesn’t need to literally be in latin for use of the Coding Marker.
- [NOTE] — for other information that you’d like to pass to the webmaster, use the Coding Marker, followed by the note within parentheses. E.g. [NOTE](treat as an item within a collection)
Coding Markers that are Used Just in Citations
- [REMARK] — used in citations for author remarks about the source or its meaning in the context of the comment.
- [PDF] or [DOC] — if a URL is a pdf or doc, but does not have a clear extension at the end of the URL of “.pdf” or “.doc” then use these Coding Markers. They’re placed at the end of those URLs preceded with a space.
  
  The URL must go directly to a PDF format document to use these coding markers. A link to a non-PDF page is not considered a PDF where a PDF can be found via another link or is embedded on the non-PDF page.
- [BOOK] or [REPORT] — put at the beginning of a citation of the appropriate type. In addition to some other differences from other sources, the titles for books and reports are rendered in small caps during Coding.
- [PAYWALL] — put after the “available at” URL if the online source is only accessible to subscribers or requires other forms of registration or payment. Paywall URLs get a different treatment during Coding.
- [NOTFOUND] — put after a citation if, after a diligent search, an online source cannot be found.
Coding Marker exemplars:
If your comment has internal references from one part of the comment to another, then add the [REF] Coding Marker to your text just before each such reference. During Coding, that reference will be changed to a link that anchors to the appropriate target. For example, you'd write:

In [REF] Part I of my comment, I develop a new paradigm for reparations. Then, in [REF] Part II, I discuss how to determine the appropriate target for reparations. Finally, I [REF] conclude with some very pithy remarks.

In the foregoing example, “Part I”, “Part II”, and “conclude” would anchor to the appropriate targets. If the reference doesn’t anchor to a clear target, you should add some clarifying information enclosed in parentheses immediately after the [REF] Coding Marker: As the [REF](link “Prosecutor’s comments” to the second quote in section II) Prosecutor’s comments show, the Defendant was …

As an aside, use present tense for your intentions for the comment. In Part I, I show how the rule of law … not In Part I, I will show how the rule of law …
For numbers, in general, spell out integers from zero to ninety-nine. For larger numbers, use numerals other than in the exceptions listed below:
- Exceptions:
  - Spell out a number that begins a sentence.
  - Spell out round numbers like hundred, thousand, million.
  - Be consistent with numbers in a series; either all should be spelled out or all should be numerals.
    - E.g. The sentences were for twelve, forty-five, and fifty months respectively. but The sentences were for 12, 45, and 132 months respectively.
  - Use numerals if a number contains a decimal point.
  - Use numerals if a number refers to percentages or currency.
  - Use numerals if a number refers to a section, subdivision, or page.
- For five digit numbers or larger, use commas to separate groups of three digits: e.g. 1,234,567 but 1234
  - An exception is that you should not add these commas to numbers found in citations.
Use the appropriate typographical entities.
- Do check proper names to make sure they have the proper diacritical marks. Search for names in Google and then scrape the name and paste into your document to preserve these marks. For example, use Côte d’Ivoire and Slobodan Milošević
- A hyphen is not the same as a minus sign, an en-dash, or an em-dash. Visually, they look like similar horizontal line segments, but they are used for different purposes. Sometimes, when the webmaster notices that a substitution for a hyphen is appropriate, he’ll make the switch during Coding, but it’s best if you use the appropriate marks in your comment.
  - (hyphen)
  
  Used for compound words (mother-in-law) or hyphenation.
  
  − (minus)
  
  Used to indicate negative numbers or the subtraction operation.
  
  – (en-dash)
  - Used to indicate a range:
    Chapters 5–7
    pages 5–10
    10–11:00 a.m.
  - a score:
    The Bears beat the Bulls 99–97.
    The bill passed the Senate 98–0.
  - conflict:
    the liberal–conservative split
  - connection/direction:
    the San Francisco–New York flight
    The river runs north–south.
  Should not be used if the range has been introduced with “from” or “between”, e.g. She served on the board from 2014 to 2017. not She served on the board from 2014–2017.
  — (em-dash)
  Can be used in a variety of ways:
  - in place of commas:
    When he finally arrived — nearly two hours late — he’d forgotten his speech. (tends to have a more emphatic emphasis than a phrase separated by commas)
  - in place of parentheses:
    She advanced the doctoral students — 24 of them — to candidacy.
  - in place of colons:
    After deliberating, they reached a verdict — guilty.
  Limit to two em-dashes per sentence to avoid confusion.
- Useful math, currency, keyboard, and other symbols can be copied from the list below.
  
  List of Symbols
  
  (click to open)
  
  §
  
  section
  
  ¶
  
  paragraph
  
  −
  
  minus
  
  –
  
  en-dash
  
  —
  
  em-dash
  
  ×
  
  multiply
  
  ÷
  
  divide
  
  ″
  
  double prime
  
  ′
  
  single prime
  
  ≠
  
  not equal
  
  ≅
  
  approximately equal
  
  ∞
  
  infinity
  
  °
  
  degree
  
  ∴
  
  therefore
  
  †
  
  dagger
  
  £
  
  pound
  
  ¥
  
  yen
  
  €
  
  euro
  
  ¢
  
  cent
  
  ⇧
  
  shift
  
  ∧
  
  ctrl
  
  ⌥
  
  option
  
  ⌘
  
  command
  
  ↩
  
  return or enter
  
  ⌦
  
  delete
  
  ⏏
  
  eject
  
  ⌽
  
  power
  
  ⇥
  
  tab
  
  ⎋
  
  escape
  
  ␛
  
  escape
  
  ⇪
  
  caps lock
  
  
  
  apple character
  
  ←
  
  left arrow
  
  →
  
  right arrow
  
  ↑
  
  up arrow
  
  ↓
  
  down arrow
entities exemplars:
The ICC Forum uses the serial comma sometimes called the Oxford comma. The serial comma is the comma after “second” in a series like: first, second, and third

In the following example from Wikipedia, consider how the use of a serial comma would resolve the ambiguity as to the identity of the ex-wives:

Among those interviewed were his two ex-wives, Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall.
Signals that are recognized will be italicized during Coding. Below is a list of recognized signals. If you wish to use a signal that isn’t on this list, use the [SIGNAL] Coding Marker to treat the word or phrase which follows as a signal. For example:

[SIGNAL] Compare e.g., Beatty v. Little, …

If the signal is on this list, there is no need to use the [SIGNAL] Coding Marker; the signal will be recognized during Coding.

List of Recognized Signals

(click to open)
- accord
- but cf.
- but see
- cf.
- compare
- contra see
- see
- see also
- see e.g.
- see, e.g.
- see further
- see generally
- see inter alia
signal exemplars:
During Coding, recognized foreign language terms (often latin, but not always) will be italicized and wrapped in a definition that users can see when they hover over the word. If you wish to use a foreign language term that isn’t on this list, use the [LATIN] Coding Marker followed by the definition within parentheses, to treat the following word or phrase as a foreign language term. You only need to do this the first time the term appears. For example:

… and encouraged the development of the [LATIN](designer clothes sold ready-to-wear) prêt-à-porter industry which had a significant effect …

If the term is already on this list, there is no need to use the [LATIN] Coding Marker as it will be recognized during Coding. This includes commonly used terms like “id.”, “supra”, and “infra”.

List of Recognized Foreign Terms

(click to open; hover for definitions)
- a fortiori
- a priori
- absentia
- acquis
- acquis communautaire
- actus reus
- ad hoc
- ad litem
- amici curiae
- amicus curiae
- amicus
- amici
- animus bellandi
- arguendo
- audi alteram partem
- aut dedere aut judicare
- bis
- bona fide
- casus fœderis
- coup d’état
- crimen sine lege
- de facto
- de jure
- de lege ferenda
- de lege lata
- de minimis
- de novo
- deus ex machina
- dharma
- dicta
- dolus eventualis
- dolus specialis
- effet utile
- émigré
- émigrés
- erga omnes
- erga omnes partes
- et al.
- et seq.
- ex ante
- ex iniuria ius non oritur
- ex injuria jus non oritur
- ex officio
- ex post
- ex post facto
- expressio unius
- Expressio unius est exclusio alterius
- fambul tok
- fiat justitia ruat coelum
- gacaca
- hors de combat
- hostis humani generis
- id.
- en vogue
- in concreto
- in dubio pro reo
- in media res
- in situ
- in statu nascendi
- infra
- inter alia
- i.o.
- ipse dixit
- ipso facto
- iura novit curia
- ius ad bellum
- ius in bello
- jalwa
- juge d’instruction
- jus ad bellum
- jus cogens
- jus contra bellum
- jus in bello
- kompetenz-kompetenz
- leitmotif
- lex ferenda
- lex lata
- lex specialis
- locus standi
- lus standi
- male captus, bene detentus
- mandamus
- mato oput
- mens rea
- modus
- modus operandi
- modus vivendi
- mutatis mutandis
- noscitur a sociis
- ne bis in idem
- nemo auditur propriam turpitudinem allegans
- note verbale
- nulla poena sine culpa
- nulla poena sine lege
- nullum crimen sine lege
- obligatio erga omnes
- op. cit.
- opinio juris
- pacta sunt servanda
- pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt
- passim
- per se
- persona non grata
- post hoc
- prima facie
- principe de legalite des poursuites
- pro forma
- pro hac vice
- procès-verbal d’audition
- procès-verbaux d’audition
- proprio motu
- qua
- quantum
- quater
- quid iuris
- quid pro quo
- quinquies
- rapprochement
- ratione loci
- ratione materiae
- ratione personae
- ratione temporis
- raison d’être
- realpolitik
- respondeat superior
- seriatim
- Shari’a
- Sharia
- sic
- sine qua non
- stare decisis
- status quo
- stricto sensu
- stupa
- Sturm und Drang
- sub secreto
- sui generis
- sua sponte
- supra
- ter
- tertium non datur
- tha’r
- travaux préparatoires
- ubuntu
- ultra vires
- uti possidetis juris
- Videre est Credere
- vis-à-vis
- viva voce
- viz.
- volte-face
- writ
- writ of mandamus
- yuttethor
foreign term exemplars:
Dates
- Use the American form for dates, where the month precedes the day, rather than the European form of date. For example: August 2, 2017 not 2 August 2017
- Do not abbreviate the month—spell it out. Months for citations will be abbreviated in Coding.
Click here for information on dates as a part of a citation.
Quotation Marks
- Do not use quotation marks to emphasize a particular word; use italics instead, Save quotation marks for actual quotes, e.g. They showed a genuine interest not They showed a “genuine” interest
- Generally, prefer double quotes over single quotes, except in cases where single quotes are particularly called for, e.g. for a quote within a quote.
- When defining an abbreviation inside parentheses, quotes aren’t used: International Criminal Court (ICC) not International Criminal Court (“ICC”)
Abbreviations
- When to use an abbreviation
  - If an organization is referenced more than thrice, spell it out the first time it is used followed by the abbreviation within parentheses but without quote marks. International Criminal Court (ICC) not International Criminal Court (“ICC”)
  - If the organization is referenced only three or fewer times, skip the abbreviation within parentheses and spell it out each time. This is a guideline, not a rule. If the unabbreviated name is especially unwieldy (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) or particularly if the abbreviation is very familiar in its abbreviated form (CIA), then introduce the abbreviation on first use of the full name and use the abbreviated form subsequently even if used fewer than three additional times.
  - The term "United States" should always be spelled out when it is used as a noun or a location. It may be abbreviated when it is used as an adjective. … airports within the United States are ports of entry … not … airports within the U.S. are ports of entry …, but the following examples, where U.S. is an adjective modifying something else, are appropriate uses of the abbreviated form: … this doesn’t stop U.S. personnel from engaging … or … other considerations within the U.S. justice system … or U.S. Department of State
- The abbreviation U.S. is preferred over US
- The abbreviation U.N. is preferred over UN U.N.T.S. should always have periods. United Nations Security Council should be abbreviated as S.C. and not UNSC. United Nations General Assembly should be abbreviated as G.A. and not UNGA.
- When making an abbreviation plural, add an "s" but not an apostrophe. NGOs not NGO’s
- When making an abbreviation possessive, include the apostrophe: ICC’s not ICCs
- Try not to end a sentence with an abbreviation containing a period. Instead, spell it out. … justification for the United States. not … justification for the U.S..
- Within citations, do not abbreviate months of the year nor publication names. Those are done during Coding to help ensure consistency. University of Baltimore Journal of International Law not U. Balt. J. Int’l L. and September not Sept. or Sep.
- Within citations, an institutional author is not abbreviated if it appears at the beginning of the citation. United Nations Security Council, Report of … not S.C., Report of …
- While the Bluebook prefers abbreviating U.S. Const. as an exception, the ICC Forum prefers spelling Constitution out: U.S. Constitution
abbreviation exemplars:
Lists are coded in a particular way in HTML. There are three types of lists: ordered, unordered, and description lists.
- Ordered lists lead with numbers or letters in front: e.g. 1, 2, 3 or a, b, c.
- Unordered lists often have bullets before each item: •
- Description lists—uncommon in comments—have a list of terms, where each term in the list is followed by a description of that term. They are often used to code glossaries.
If you wish to use the special markup for a list, mark the beginning of the list with the [LIST] marker. For example:
[LIST] (a) this is the first item, (b) this is the second item, and (c) this is the third item.

The example would appear in the comment as:
1. this is the first item,
2. this is the second item,
3. this is the third item.
Videos that are to be embedded in the comment must be hosted on an online service like YouTube or Vimeo. They are usually styled as Figures.
- If the video is meant to be embedded, provide the URL to the video and add a marker in the text where it should appear: [VIDEO] http://youtube.com/foobar For an example of a Coded Comment that includes an embedded video, see Christopher Werby & Olga Werby, Practical Strategies for ICC Outreach, n.40, ICC Forum (Feb. 17, 2015), available online.
- If a link to a video is just used as the source for a citation, it doesn’t need to be embedded in the comment; it is treated like any other link to an online source. Just provide the URL to the video in the standard form: available at http://youtube.com/foobar
- A video pincite uses a time indicator: e.g. at 5:51
- Sometimes, the time that a video starts needs to be indicated after the URL. See this citation.
video exemplars:

Comment Body

The “Comment Body” section of these guidelines refers to items that are applicable to the main text of your comment and not to your comment’s Citations section.

Use a mixed case headline style rather than all caps, all lowercase, or sentence style capitalization.
- Do not capitalize articles, conjunctions, or prepositions that are four or fewer letters, unless they begin the headline or immediately follow a colon.
- Headlines do not use terminal punctuation other than an optional question mark.
Example: Hypothesis: The Existence of the ICC Protects National Courts from Political Interference not Hypothesis: the existence of the ICC protects national courts from political interference.
If you choose to employ an outlining style in your comment — headlines are indented by varying amounts that correspond to the organization of sections of your comment — follow the specific order of outline markers set forth below.

Do not use the automatic numbering feature in Word; rather manually type in the proper marker followed by a period.

The main title of your comment is level 0 and does not use an outline marker. Subsequent headings are marked using the following for each level:
1. First level — uppercase roman numerals: I. II. III.
2. Second level — uppercase latin letters: A. B. C.
3. Third level — arabic numerals: 1. 2. 3.
4. Fourth level — lowercase roman numerals: i. ii. iii.
5. Fifth level and beyond: not supported.
Inline citations are not permitted in a comment or a law review article. Use footnotes instead.

All citations appear in footnotes with a reference placed in the main text immediately after the text to which they refer.

Example: Any of the corresponding crimes specified in the Rome Statute for targeting a protected person¹ require the “intentional” direction of an attack. not Any of the corresponding crimes specified in the Rome Statute for targeting a protected person (Article 8(2)(b)) require the “intentional” direction of an attack.

Similarly, do not hyperlink any text in your Word document. The full URL must be visible, although URLs probably belong in a footnote and not in the body of your comment.
In the comment body, block quotes, are used to set off long quotes by separating, indenting, and italicizing them. A long quote is 50 or more words; shorter quotes generally remain inline with the rest of the text.

Use the [BLOCKQUOTE] Coding Marker just before the block quote to mark the beginning of the quote. While quotation marks are removed from a block quote during Coding, keep them in your comment to indicate the beginning and end of the quote. Usually the location of the end of the quote is clear; but, if not, add an optional [ENDQUOTE] Coding Marker at the end.

If the block quote is introduced by a phrase in your text, that phrase ends in a colon.

Example of what you write: This is revealed in the Rome Statute, Art. 45, that states: [BLOCKQUOTE]“[T]the Prosecutor [...] shall [...] make a solemn undertaking in open court to exercise his or her respective functions impartially and conscientiously.”[ENDQUOTE]

Becomes after coding:

This is revealed in the Rome Statute, Art. 45, that states:

[T]he Prosecutor […] shall […] make a solemn undertaking in open court to exercise his or her respective functions impartially and conscientiously.

The special bracketed ellipses […], shown in the example above, are used to indicate your elisions from the quoted text. If the elisions are not yours but are already part of the quoted text, usually indicating elisions of a quote from another source by your quote’s author, then use four periods each separated by a space: . . . .

Block quotes begin with an uppercase character. If the actual quote begins with a lowercase character, indicate the change in case by enclosing the first letter in brackets, as shown in the example above. Sometimes, that approach won’t work because the first sentence of the quote would become an ungrammatical sentence fragment. In that case, add an appropriate lead-in that summarizes the beginning of the first sentence from the original source and enclose it in brackets:

[BLOCKQUOTE] "[The ICTR was set up] for the sole purpose of prosecuting persons responsible for genocide and other serious violations of International Humanitarian Law committed in the territory of Rwanda […] between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994.”[4]

A footnote reference marker that identifies the source of the quotation usually appears at the end of the block quote.

Click the [BLOCKQUOTE] Coding Marker to see how it is used in citations.
Tables are text or numbers in the form of columns; or they are a grid that has rows and columns with information or numbers.

Tables are generally created in Word or Excel and embedded in the Word document. They are not images or screenshots; when coded in HTML, each grid cell is surrounded by code.

Tables should be consecutively numbered; if both tables and figures are used, they can be numbered independently: a comment can have both a Table 1 and a Figure 1.

Each Table should have a caption in the form: Table 1: Incarceration Days Served Prior to Commencement of Trial Note that the caption uses headline case style, does not have terminal punctuation, and appears above the table.

For an example of a Coded Comment with many tables, see Christopher Sanchez, The Al Mahdi Case Study: Establishing a Media Bias Baseline to Support Future Research Regarding how ICC’s Operations Affects Public Perception, Tables 1–15, ICC Forum (Aug. 19, 2017), available online.
Figures are illustrations other than Tables — drawings; photos; videos; and graphs other than tables including bar charts, pie charts, and so on.

If the Figure was not created in Word or in Excel, then a version of the image needs to be sent for Coding as a separate attachment.
- If the original creation file is available, send that native file as well. For example, if you created the Figure in Photoshop, send the layered original psd creation file in addition to the uncompressed jpg or png file generated from the creation file and intended for use as the Figure.
- The filename of the attachment should clearly indicate which Figure number it represents. Examples of communicative filenames are: 2023-09-09 Figure 6 - Piechart of Sentence Outcomes - Excel Creation File.xls and 2023-09-09 Figure 6 - Piechart of Sentence Outcomes - Final Output.pdf
- If available, vector file formats (ai, eps, pdf, svg) are preferred over bitmap or raster file formats (jpg, png, gif, tiff, webp).
  
  Bitmaps (top) degrade when enlarged, while vector formats remain sharp.
- Some images like photographs are always bitmaps, so no vector version will be available. Bitmap images should be in high resolution — a minimum of 1116 pixels wide and preferably more. Do not upsize a smaller version.
- Bitmap images should not have any lossy compression applied. Use the highest quality uncompressed settings when exporting them.
- For questions on transmitting Figures for Coding, please contact admin@iccforum.com.
Each Figure is consecutively numbered and requires a caption in the form: Figure 1: Flyers were distributed calling for the arrest of members of the political opposition. Note that the caption uses sentence case style, has terminal punctuation, and appears below the figure.

Citations Generally

This “Citations Generally” section of these guidelines — and the following section Parts of Citations — refer to items that are applicable to the citation section of your comment and not to the Comment Body (main text) section. Citations are footnotes created in your Microsoft Word document.

Shortcodes
- Are you citing one of the following statutes or documents? Good news! You can use a shortcode followed by your pinpoint citation (pincite), if any, and the full citation will be Coded for you. For example, to cite to the Rome Statute, just use the phrase Rome Statute in your citation and the full citation will be added during Coding. Click any of the following shortcodes to see the full citation.
- For subsequent references to the same statute, use the shortcode followed by id. or supra as appropriate. If the first reference to the Rome Statute is n.1, for example, and, if at n.12, you wish to cite again to the Rome Statute with a pincite to Article 12, use: Rome Statute, supra note 1, at Art. 12.
shortcode exemplars:
Block quotes — Use [BLOCKQUOTE]
- These should appear after the citation and enclosed in parentheses. Concluding period appears outside the end parenthesis.
  - ("This is a quotation.").
- Precede with the [BLOCKQUOTE] Coding Marker
- Example: Rome Statute, supra note 6, at Article 45. [BLOCKQUOTE] (“[T]the Prosecutor [...] shall [...] make a solemn undertaking in open court to exercise his or her respective functions impartially and conscientiously.”).
  
  Becomes:
  
  Rome Statute, supra note 6, at Art. 45.
  
  (“[T]the Prosecutor […] shall […] make a solemn undertaking in open court to exercise his or her respective functions impartially and conscientiously.”).
- See also how the [BLOCKQUOTE] Coding Marker is used in the main text of the comment.
[BLOCKQUOTE] exemplars:
Remarks — Use [REMARK]
- Remarks appear after the citation and are enclosed in parentheses. The terminating punctuation (usually a period) appears outside the end parenthesis.
  - (demonstrating a hostility to settled case law on this point).
- Precede with the [REMARK] Coding Marker
- Example: Rome Statute, supra note 6, at Article 45 [REMARK] (requiring a solemn undertaking is similar to an oath to uphold a constitution or other founding document).
  
  Becomes:
  
  Rome Statute, supra note 6, at Art. 45
  
  (requiring a solemn undertaking is similar to an oath to uphold a constitution or other founding document).
- Remarks usually begin with a lowercase present participial phrase, e.g. “discussing…”, “noting…”, “alleging…”, “requiring…”. There should not be punctuation ending the previous phrase. Bluebook rule 1.5 suggests running remarks inline with the preceding paragraph, but the ICC Forum, during Coding, separates them into a separate block of text.
- If the remark is a very brief introduction to the citation, it is permissable to have it precede the citation, e.g. For a complete discussion, see …
- If a single footnote contains multiple citations where each is followed by a remark, chain them. Each remark should follow the citation to which it refers. Do not create a new citation within the remark. The general form is to have a citation followed by the remark. If the footnote requires another citation, conclude the first remark, then create a second citation followed by an optional second remark. See example of multiple remarks within a single footnote.
[REMARK] exemplars:
Periods and Semicolons
- With just a few exceptions, all footnotes end with a period.
- If there are more than one citation in a footnote — i.e. a “string cite” — then a semicolon is used between them and a period ends the footnote. See example.
- A string cite can also contain remarks that relate to specific citations. Put the source citation first followed by the remark that relates to it and then followed by the next citation. Separate them all with semicolons. See example.
Books — Use [BOOK]
- Add the [BOOK] Coding Marker at the beginning of the citation to a book, after any optional signal. Books are formatted differently during Coding and the [BOOK] Coding Marker communicates to the webmaster that the citation is to a book.
- Do not include the publisher (and/or the publisher’s city) unless there’s the potential for ambiguity.
- If you do need to add the publisher, do not add a comma after the publisher’s name and before the year — e.g. (Penguin Books 2016) not (Penguin Books, 2016)
- Append a comma if “ed.” or “eds.” means editor(s) — e.g. (Richard H. Steinberg ed., 2016) not (Richard H. Steinberg ed. 2016)
- Do not append a comma if “ed.” means edition — e.g. (2nd ed. 2016) not (2nd ed., 2016)
- Do include the edition if there’s more than one.
- When a book consists of a collection of articles, sometimes you need to refer to a single article and sometimes you need to refer to the entire collection of articles.
  
  A citation to a single article in a book collection usually contains these elements in this order:
  - The author(s) of the individual article
  - article title
  - in
  - book title (will be in small caps after Coding)
  - optional pincite, with no leading comma
  - begin parenthesis
    - author(s) of the book collection
    - ed., or eds.,
    - If the edition is greater than one, then the edition number followed by ed. but not with a comma appended
    - If there have been several publishers and there could be ambiguity about which version, then the publisher’s name but not with a comma appended
    - the date
  - end parenthesis
  - If a link is available, then , available at followed by the URL.
  - A citation to a second item within a book already cited uses the new chapter author and title, in and the already cited book title with a supra reference to the first cite.
  A citation to a book collection of articles as a whole usually contains these elements in this order:
  - book title (will be in small caps after Coding)
  - optional pincite, with no leading comma
  - begin parenthesis
    - author(s) of the book collection
    - ed., or eds.,
    - If the edition is greater than one, then the edition number followed by ed. but not with a comma appended
    - If there have been several publishers and there could be ambiguity about which version, then the publisher’s name but not with a comma appended
    - the date
  - end parenthesis
  - If a link is available, then , available at followed by the URL.
- A book can also be a unitary whole. A unitary book citation usually contains these elements in this order:
  - The author(s) (will be in small caps after Coding)
  - book title (will be in small caps after Coding)
  - optional pincite, with no leading comma
  - begin parenthesis
    - If the edition is greater than one, then the edition number followed by ed. but not with a comma appended
    - If there have been several publishers and there could be ambiguity about which version, then the publisher’s name but not with a comma appended
    - the date
  - end parenthesis
  - Sometimes, the author will be the editor of the book. In that case, add “ed.” after author’s name with no preceding comma.
  - If a link is available, then , available at followed by the URL. If a link is not available, then add a [NOTFOUND] Coding Marker.
[BOOK] exemplars:
Reports — Use [REPORT]
- Add the [REPORT] Coding Marker at the beginning of the citation, after any optional signal. Reports sometimes need a different Coding treatment and the Coding Marker communicates to the webmaster that the citation is to a report.
- The authors and titles of reports are often rendered in small caps, like the authors and title of a book. Exceptions are to ICC and UN Reports, whose authors and titles are not formatted that way.
[REPORT] exemplars:

Parts of Citations

The “Parts of Citations” section of these guidelines — and the previous section Citations Generally — refer to items that are applicable to the citation section of your comment and not to the Comment Body (main text) section.

Authors
- Names are always in first-name last-name order.
- Use full names where known. Alfred Baker is better than A. Baker is better than Baker. If a middle name is known in full, use it. If the middle name is only known by its initial, use that. Leila Nadya Sadat is better than Leila N. Sadat which is better than Leila Sadat.
- Do not include honorifics or titles. Use Chile Eboe-Osuji not Judge Chile Eboe-Osuji.
- When there is more than one author, the last author is separated with an ampersand rather than a comma. The others in a series are separated with a comma. So, for two authors: Alfred Baker & Amelia Bastion For more than two authors: Phuong Pham, Patrick Vinck, Eric Stover, Andrew Moss, Marieke Wierda & Richard Bailey The last example could also be Phuong Pham et al. not Phuong Pham, et al. — no comma after the author — but it’s usually better to list all the authors unless there are just too many of them.
  multiple authors exemplars:
- When citing a tweet from X (formerly Twitter) (or a post from Instagram), the author’s full name is followed by their handle within parentheses, e.g. Patrick Leahy (@SenatorLeahy)
Institutional Authors
- In your comment, do not abbreviate institutions and publishers. Where appropriate, abbreviation happens in Coding.
- When the author is an institution that begins the citation, it is not abbreviated, e.g. International Criminal Court not ICC
- When an individual author is credited on behalf of an institution, use the individual author name, followed by the institution (abbreviated in Coding), prior to the title.
institutional authors exemplars:
Titles
- The title of a source is not enclosed in quotation marks.
- In your comment, never make the titles all caps or small caps even for books. The appropriate font formatting is done during Coding.
- Titles should be in mixed case headline style. Do not capitalize articles, conjunctions, or prepositions that are four or fewer letters, unless they begin the headline or immediately follow a colon.
  - Where the original title is not in headline case, you must use your judgment. Generally convert the title to headline case unless doing so will change the meaning of the title.
  - As an exception to the above, if the title is to a main page title of a website, use the capitalization of the original source, unless it is all caps.
  - As another exception to the above, if the subtitle is part of a judicial decision, leave it in original case.
- Titles sometimes need altering beyond just changing their case. For example, titles sometimes repeat the name of the publication or the author. An original title might read: “Fatou Bensouda, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Statement on U.S. Sanctions”. If the citation already contains Fatou Bensouda's name (as author), and position, then shorten the title to “Statement on U.S. Sanctions”.
- As a general rule, do not shorten titles just because they are long and cumbersome.
- During Coding, book and report titles will be rendered in small caps. You shouldn’t do this formatting in your submitted comment. You should add a [BOOK] or [REPORT] Coding Marker.
- The title of an article that’s contained in a book is not rendered in small caps, although the book title is — again, this formatting is done during Coding.
title exemplars:
Location — Publications and Institutions
- For all citation types, do not abbreviate institutions and publishers. That happens in Coding. E.g. use Florida Journal of International Law not Fla. J. Int’l L.
  - You write: Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
  - During coding, the webmaster abbreviates the publication or institution, wraps it with an abbreviation definition (can be seen on hover), and provides a link to the publication’s home page:
    Colum. J. Transnat’l L.
  - Locations are often linked to the publication’s home page during Coding. No action is necessary on your part to facilitate that link.
- Location for Consecutively Paginated Sources such as Law Review Articles
  - e.g. 23 California Law Review 25 (April 2008)
  - The parts are:
    - Volume Number
      - If the volume number is something like 23:4 or 23(4), skip the secondary part and just use “23”.
    - Name of Publication
      - Do not abbreviate it in your comment; if appropriate, it will be abbreviated during Coding.
    - First Page of Article
      - Do not include the full span of pages for the article. Just use the first page of the article. Ex: 25 not 25–48
    - If there’s a pincite, add a comma and the pincite page number(s). 23 California Law Review 25, 32 (April 2008)
    - Date
      - Dates are enclosed within parentheses.
      - Do not abbreviate months; they will be abbreviated during Coding.
      See citation dates below.
  consecutively paged exemplars:
- Location for Non Consecutively Paginated Sources such as Magazines
  - e.g. Opinio Juris (August 20, 2015)
  - The parts are:
    - Name of Publication
      - Do not abbreviate it in your comment; if appropriate, it will be abbreviated during Coding.
    - If there’s a pincite, add a comma and the pincite page number(s). Opinio Juris, 32–33 (August 20, 2015)
    - Date
      - Dates are enclosed within parentheses.
      - Do not abbreviate months; they will be abbreviated during Coding.
      See citation dates below.
  non consecutively paged exemplars:
- Location for Docket Numbers for Case Law, United Nations Materials, and Certain Other Institutional Citations
  
  Include the docket number, usually directly after the title of the source. But not always. ICC cases have docket numbers after the general name of the case but before the specific title of the source. Congressional Research Service reports and U.N. documents usually have the docket number before the title.
  
  Omit the words “Case No.” or “No.” from the beginning of the docket number, e.g. ICC-01/05-01/08 A and not Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 A.
  docket number exemplars:
Pincites
- Do not use p. or pp. at all in pincites except when referring internally to your own comment; no p. nor pp. nor page
- Unless it would be confusing were it omitted, do not put an “at” before the page number; no at. Exceptions are that “at” precedes video time references, as discussed below, and “at” is used in id. and supra references, as discussed below.
- In a citation, you can use the following entities for paragraph or section indicators, shown singular then plural: ¶ § ¶¶ §§
  - You can optionally use the following abbreviations. They will be replaced by the entities above during Coding: para. sect. paras. sects.
- Pincites to sections or paragraph numbers are generally preceded by a comma except for book and reports. e.g. 12 New York Law Review 35, ¶ 25 (September 16, 2003) not 12 New York Law Review 35 ¶ 25 (September 16, 2003)
- The pincite for books or reports, usually a page number, appears directly after the title with no preceding comma.
- A pincite for a consecutively paged source follows the beginning page for the article
  - e.g. for pincite page 271: 23 California Law Review 256, 271 (April 2008)
- When citing specifically material on the first page of a source, repeat that page after the citation.
  - 23 California Law Review 256, 256 (April 2008)
- If citing a span of pages, use the inclusive page numbers separated by an en-dash or a hyphen. Always retain the last two digits of the end of the range, but drop otherwise repetitive digits, e.g. 23 California Law Review 256, 261–64 (April 2008) not 23 California Law Review 256, 261–4 (April 2008)
- If citing to a footnote, prefix the number with “n.” (no space between them) and, if it comes from a paginated source, include the page on which the footnote appears, e.g. 123 n.4 not n.4 nor 123 n. 4
- When referring to a specific clause within a code section or article, do not put a comma between them: Art. 3 sect. 2 not Art. 3, sect. 2 With the comma, the citation seems to refer to two different locations. If not explicitly a section, this can often be Art. 3(2)
- Text within statutes should be identified with particularity. Sometimes, that means reaching down through its outline in the pincite. E.g. Rome Statute, Art. 93(10)(b)(ii)(a)
- For a video, use a time indicator to cite to a particular moment: at 5:51 e.g. see example.
- During Coding, references to articles or other parts of the Rome Statute or the Genocide Convention will be wrapped in code that reveals that part on hover, e.g. see example.
pincite exemplars:
Dates
- Do not abbreviate the date. It’s done in Coding.
  - Spell out the full month — e.g. use September not Sept. nor Sep.
  - In Coding, citation dates will be abbreviated to the first three characters of the month, followed by a period. “May” is an exception in that it is not abbreviated.
  - These abbreviations only occur in citations. In the main body of your comment, months are always spelled out.
- Use the American form of date where the month precedes the day: September 27, 2007 not 27 September 2007
- A full date is written September 27, 2007 Note the comma after the day.
- There is no comma after the month when only the month and year are used: September 2007 not September, 2007
- When known, more specific dates are preferred over more general ones. September 27, 2007 is preferred over September 2007 is preferred over 2007 But don’t use seasons in dates for citations. “Spring 2008” should be simply 2008
- Sometimes it can be difficult to tie down a date. If a source uses “last updated” then use that date and include a last visited segment to the citation.
- To determine the date that a PDF was created, load the PDF, right-click on the page, and select “Document Properties”. Then go to the “Description” tab and check the details in the displayed Created Date section.
- For ICC Forum Invited Expert comments, cite to the launch date for that issue. A full citation exemplar can be found after the footnotes for each Invited Expert comments.
- Dates are generally wrapped in parentheses. For citations to news sources, they are not.
- Sometimes, when multiple posts are done during a day, it is necessary to add the time. (September 2, 2020, 2:18 PM) See example.
- Click here for information on using dates in the main text of the comment.
date exemplars:
No Dates
- Generally, sources without dates will need a “last visited” reference; there are exceptions listed below. See Last Visited.
- The U.S. Constitution and the U.N. Charter can be cited without a date and without a last visited reference.
last visited exemplars:
no date exemplars:
Hereinafter
- The form is: [hereinafter Rome Statute]
- The term is always hereinafter not hereafter nor hereinafter cited as or something else.
- The hereinafter reference is enclosed within brackets, not parentheses.
- The reference after hereinafter — Rome Statute in the example above — can be a shortened version of the title. It is not enclosed in quotes.
  - Pick a short phrase that clearly differentiate the title from other references that may be similar. Only use the full title if it’s short.
  - Make an effort to preserve the intention of the full title. For an example, see the notes for this citation.
- The hereinafter reference appears after the citation date and before the ‘available at’ reference. If the hereinafter reference follows a closing parenthesis (often the date), omit the preceding comma; but if it does not follow a parenthesis, include the preceding comma.
hereinafter exemplars:
URLs
- The ICC Forum is an online publication. Accordingly, online URLs to sources are very important. You must research your sources and try to find available versions accessible with a URL.
- Do research to find the best version you can. Google is your friend in this endeavor
  - Generally, a PDF is preferred over a webpage text source. But not always. For example, the web version of the Rome Statute on the ICC Forum is better than available PDF versions. So if you are trying to select between two versions of the same source, use your judgment as to which is a better resource for your reader.
  - Law students have access to materials that are blocked for users without special access. In particular, LEXIS/NEXIS and HeinOnline.org are particularly useless for users without credentials; for any link, they display only a login screen. Avoid those resources.
  - If only a paywall version exists, then use that and follow with a [PAYWALL] Coding Marker
  - [PAYWALL] exemplars:
  - Sometimes an earlier version of an article can be found online. An earlier version can be added to the stack of URLs. E.g. available at https://foobar.com/article [PAYWALL], earlier version available at https://foobar2.com/article. If the date of the earlier version is helpful, that can be added: earlier version (March 2022) available at https://foobar2.com/article.
  - Earlier version exemplars:
- If you can’t locate an online version of the source after a diligent source, you may omit it. But put a [NOTFOUND] Coding Marker where the URL would go to indicate that the omission is not an oversight.
  [NOTFOUND] exemplars:
- Be careful when copying the URL to get all of it.
  - URLs always start with the protocol, either http:// or https:// If there’s a choice, https:// is preferred.
  - Use the shortest version of the URL that still works. This requires some experimentation; often there are extra characters at the end of the URL that can be trimmed away.
    - If there’s a question mark in the URL and then a string of characters afterwards, try copying just up to but not including the question mark and paste that into a separate window in your browser. If you get to the same source, use the shortened version.
    - For example, the URL
      https://www.amazon.com/Assessing-Legacy-ICTY-Richard-Steinberg/dp/9004186247/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1504564689&sr=1-4&keywords=richard+h.+steinberg
      can be shortened to https://www.amazon.com/Assessing-Legacy-ICTY-Richard-Steinberg/dp/9004186247/ref=sr_1_4
      and then even further https://www.amazon.com/Assessing-Legacy-ICTY-Richard-Steinberg/dp/9004186247
    - But be sure to check that the URL still works before using it in your citation.
  - Beyond trying to shortening it by removing extra characters from the end, never change a URL in any other way. Do not correct misspellings or capitalization within a URL; changing it often breaks it.
- URLs are placed in the citation after the date and the optional hereinafter reference.
- Never hyperlink text with a URL. The URLs must be visible so that a copy/paste operation preserves them.
  - Use available at https://www.un.org/unispal/ not available here
- URLs are prefaced with available at or, if this is an archived document, archived at or earlier version available at
  - During Coding, URLs will wrap a clickable word — usually online or paywall — the whole URL isn’t displayed but can be reached with a click.
  - During Coding, URLs often are decorated with graphical flags that indicate that the link is an external link, a PDF, or a DOC file.
- Some PDF files download to the user’s computer automatically rather than display in the browser. When clicking the link, try to right-click and choose “Open in New Tab”. If that doesn’t work, then add “download” before available at: download available at http://foobar.com/pdf_file_which_downloads_immediately.pdf.
- URLs can be archived. This is an optional step but it helps combat the web scourge of “link rot” where, over time, URLs can no longer be reached.
  - Create the archived version by using the “Save Page Now” service of the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine.
    - No login is required.
    - Paste the URL of the source you desire to archive into the “Save Page Now” form and click the “Save Page” button
    - Wait for it to finish. If successful, visit the captured page. Copy the URL from the browser — it probably starts with https://web.archive.org and use that.
  - The URLs for the archived version are placed subsequent to the source’s main URL, prefaced by , archived at
    - E.g., , available at https://iccforum.com/legal-traditions, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20230909220526/https://iccforum.com/legal-traditions
  - Perma.cc is an excellent archiving service, but it’s not free for everyone. You may have free access through your library or you may not. A new member can create ten perma.cc links for free.
  archived exemplars:
- A digital object identifer (DOI) is another link sometimes available for a citation reference to a resource available on the web. This is another optional step that helps combat the web scourge of “link rot” where, over time, URLs can no longer be reached. DOI links are supposed to be more persistent.
  
  Many references won’t have a DOI. For those, you can ignore this. But when you see a DOI link (most commonly in periodicals), copy it and paste it at the end of your list of URLs. Preface the link with “doi at”. Separate it from the previous URL with a comma.
  
  If the DOI is just a set of numbers and letters rather than a weblink, then add a web prefix: https://doi.org/
  
  This is how you might add the DOI link to your citation: , available at http://foobar.com/document.pdf, doi at https://doi.org/10.7916/D85T3JVT.
  
  Since the underlying referenced page may change, there is no need to use the URL format clarification [PDF] Coding Marker with DOI links.
  DOI exemplars:
- URLs sometimes need format clarification. Format clarification is necessary when an examination of the URL itself doesn’t reveal the format of the file reached by the link. In the final comment, the format is indicated with small graphical flags after the URL: external link, a PDF, or a DOC file.
  - If the URL refers to a PDF or Word DOC file, but the URL doesn’t end with a “.pdf” or “.doc” extension, then add the appropriate Coding Marker (preceded by a space) after the URL: [PDF] [DOC]
  - Example: available at http://foobar.com/this_is_a_pdf_file [PDF]
    - The [PDF] Coding Marker is not necessary in this example because of the “.pdf” extension: available at http://foobar.com/this_is_a_pdf_file.pdf
  - webcitation.org links often need the [PDF] Coding Marker because they don’t have a “.pdf” extension.
  [PDF] exemplars:
Foreign Language Materials
- Indicate when the source is not in English. Add an abbreviated language parenthetical before the URL and after the date. If there's a hereinafter short title, it goes after the language indicator. … (March 2017) (fr.), available at https://www.gouvernement.fr/ or … (March 2017) (fr.) [hereinafter French Government], available at https://www.gouvernement.fr/
- The language code should be lowercase, end with a period, and placed in a parenthetical. (ukr.)
- The language code should come from the long list of ISO 639 language codes; common languages are listed below. Each language has several to choose from. The goal is to assist English language readers. Pick the code that's derived from the English name for the language rather than the native name. For example, choose (ger.) not (de.) or (chi.) not (zh.)
- If the source has been translated into English, add (trans.)
List of Common Language Abbreviations Are:

(click to open)

Arabic

(ara.)

Armenian

(arm.)

Bosnian

(bos.)

Bulgarian

(bul.)

Chinese

(chi.)

Czech

(cze.)

Danish

(dan.)

Dutch

(dut.)

English

(en.)

German

(ger.)

Greek

(gre.)

French

(fr.)

Hindi

(hin.)

Hungarian

(hun.)

Italian

(ita.)

Japanese

(jpn.)

Korean

(kor.)

Polish

(pol.)

Russian

(rus.)

Spanish

(spa.)

Serbian

(srp.)

Swedish

(swe.)

Ukrainian

(ukr.)
Last Visited
- The form is: (last visited December 16, 2024)
- Last visited is only used when the source is undated. For example, a citation to the home page of a website needs a last visited date. There is an exception for the U.S. Constitution or the U.N. Charter which do not need a last visited reference. As a practical matter, "last visited” exists because undated sources can be silently updated and can change to no longer support the proposition for which they were cited.
- The last visited date is wrapped within parentheses. It appears after the available online URLs and is not preceded by a comma. If there is a foreign language reference after the online URL, last visited appears after that.
- The phrase is last visited not accessed last reviewed last viewed and so on.
- E.g., available at https://foobar.com (last visited December 16, 2024).
last visited exemplars:
Repeated Citations—Supra and Id.
- Never repeat a full citation in a subsequent footnote. Always use either id. or supra
- id.
  - Can only be used if the reference (or a previous use of id. or supra) is immediately prior.
  - It must be unambiguous. For example, if the reference immediately prior cites several sources — a string cite — then id. is unclear as to which it refers. In that case, use supra instead.
  - Optional pincites to pages are preceded by “at” with no preceding comma. E.g. id. at 35 not id., at 35
  - Optional pincites to paragraphs, sections, or articles omit the “at”. There should be a space after the paragraph or section symbols. E.g. id. ¶ 4.5 or id. §§ 6–7 or id. Art. 41(b)
  - Optional pincites to footnotes cite first to the page and then to the note. E.g. id. at 342 n.2.
  - During Coding, id. will be wrapped in a definition tag, italicized, and then further wrapped in an anchor link to the original source.
  - When appearing at the beginning of a cite or a sentence, id. is capitalized. Otherwise, it is not. E.g. Id. at 45. or See id. at 45.
  - If the same source needs to be cited twice within the same footnote, id. can be used to refer to the source that immediately precedes it, although usually two pincites will be used instead. Id. at 45, 48. not Id. at 45; id. at 48.
- supra
  - Form: Porter, supra note 5, at 35. or Rome Statute, supra note 6, at Art. 5. or Malabo Protocol, supra note 7, § 3. or Kovács Dissent, supra note 12, ¶ 218.
  - Use for a previous reference that is not immediately above or where id. would be ambiguous.
  - Generally precede supra with the last name of the author.
    - If there is a single author, use the last name:
      - Polkinghorne, supra note 38, at 142.
    - If there are two authors, use the last names of both separated with an ampersand:
      - Polkinghorne & Cody, supra note 38, at 142.
    - If there are three or more authors, use the last name of the first author followed by et al.
      - Polkinghorne et al., supra note 38, at 142.
  - If no author is available, then use the title. If the title is long, then create and use a hereinafter reference with a shortened version of the title in the first citation to the source.
    - Rome Statute, supra note 6, at Preamble.
    - Victims' Guide, supra note 10.
    See hereinafter section, above.
  - Pincites are optional.
    - They are not necessary if the original citation had a pincite and this use refers to the same page or section.
    - They are not necessary if the citation is to the entire source generally.
    - Pincites in supra citations are preceded by a comma, the word “at” and a space, except if it is a paragraph or section symbol, in which case the "at" is omitted. Porter, supra note 5, at 35. or Banjul Charter, supra note 8, ¶ 3. or Rome Statute, supra note 1, at Art. 5.

Background Materials

This section is only of interest to ICC Forum Associate Editors who are tasked with doing research for the Forum’s main issues, each of which has a page of Background Materials which can be found from a link at the top of every page.

Creating a reference for an item destined for the Background Materials page is similar to creating a Coded Comment citation in most respects, other than a few differences noted here. Additionally, most background citations are followed by commentary.

Use the same form of citation described above for footnotes
- , archived at
  - Use the “Save Page Now” service of the Wayback Machine. See URLs—Archived, supra, for more.
  - It is helpful to create archived versions of citations for background materials. This differs from footnote citations where archiving sources is optional.
Organize the list of citations under the following headings, in this order:
1. Relevant Treaties (in reverse chronological order)
2. Governments and Intergovernmental Organizations (alphabetical by organization, then reverse chronological order)
3. News Articles (reverse chronological order)
4. Non-Governmental Organizations (alphabetical by organization, then reverse chronological order)
5. Articles (alphabetical by author, then reverse chronological order)
6. Books (in alphabetical order by author)
Citations should be followed by commentary which describe the main points made by the citation in the context of the ICC Forum question.
- Commentary to citations in Background materials are added as if they were remarks in footnotes, except they aren't wrapped in parentheses, and they don’t begin with a lowercase present participial phrase, e.g. “discussing…”, “noting…”, “alleging…”, “requiring…”. Use the [REMARK] Coding Marker.
  - e.g. — [REMARK] This article surveys the historical development of international criminal law. not (surveying the historical development of international criminal law).
background materials exemplars:

Exemplars

News Sources
- Generally
 - - Notes
 - - Dates are not wrapped in parentheses.
 - Sometimes it can be tricky to determine if a source is a news source. Generally, if the source is from an NGO or an advocacy group, it is not a news source.
- With Author
 1. News Source; Author
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Andrew E. Kramer, In Russia, Exile in Comfort for Leaders Like Assad, New York Times, December 28, 2012, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/29/world/europe/in-barvikha-russia-leaders-like-assad-find-haven.html.
 - Andrew E. Kramer, In Russia, Exile in Comfort for Leaders Like Assad, N.Y. Times, Dec. 28, 2012, available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Andrew E. Kramer, 
 	
 		In Russia, Exile in Comfort for Leaders Like Assad, 
 	
 		<abbr title="New York Times">
 			<a href="http://nytimes.com/">
 				N.Y. Times,</a>  
 		</abbr>
 		
 			Dec. 28, 2012, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/29/world/europe/in-barvikha-russia-leaders-like-assad-find-haven.html">
 			online.</a>  
 	
 
```
- Andrew E. Kramer, In Russia, Exile in Comfort for Leaders Like Assad, New York Times, December 28, 2012, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/29/world/europe/in-barvikha-russia-leaders-like-assad-find-haven.html.
2. News Source; Author; Remark; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - [REMARK] can be written inline and will be formatted properly in Coding.
 - As a proper name, Médecins Sans Frontières should include its proper diacritical marks.
 - Note that the abbreviation “DRC” is wrapped with a definition during Coding.
 - Remarks usually begin with a lowercase present participial phrase. There should not be punctuation ending the previous phrase.
 - Phil Coomes, Into the Bush: Vaccinating a Remote Community, BBC News, November 17, 2014, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-30035323 [REMARK] (containing an article and imagery of a photojournalist as he accompanies a Médecins Sans Frontières vaccination team into a hard-to-reach rural area of the DRC).
 - Phil Coomes, Into the Bush: Vaccinating a Remote Community, BBC News, Nov. 17, 2014, available online
 
 (containing an article and imagery of a photojournalist as he accompanies a Médecins Sans Frontières vaccination team into a hard-to-reach rural area of the DRC).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Phil Coomes, 
 	
 		Into the Bush: Vaccinating a Remote Community, 
 	
 		<abbr title="British Broadcasting Corporation News">
 			<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news">
 				BBC News,</a></abbr> 
 		
 			Nov. 17, 2014, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-30035323">
 			online</a>
 	
 
 
 	(containing an article and imagery of a photojournalist as he accompanies a M&eacute;decins Sans Fronti&egrave;res vaccination team into a hard-to-reach rural area of the 
 	<abbr title="Democratic Republic of Congo">
 		DRC</abbr>).
 
```
 - Phil Coomes, Into the Bush: Vaccinating a Remote Community, BBC News, November 17, 2014, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-30035323 [REMARK] (containing an article and imagery of a photojournalist as he accompanies a Médecins Sans Frontières vaccination team into a hard-to-reach rural area of the DRC).
 3. Title; Signal; News Source; Remark; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The title in the original was converted to headline case from sentence case. The original title is: “Kenya ICC witness killing haunts Eldoret family”.
 - A Remark is enclosed in parenthesis and begins with a lowercase word (here not the normal present participial) with terminal punctuation for the preceding phrase.
 - See, e.g., Emmanuel Igunza, Kenya ICC Witness Killing Haunts Eldoret Family, BBC News, January 9, 2015, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30716696 [REMARK] (about the killing of a witness under the ICC’s witness protection program).
 - See, e.g., Emmanuel Igunza, Kenya ICC Witness Killing Haunts Eldoret Family, BBC News, Jan. 9, 2015, available online
 
 (about the killing of a witness under the ICC’s witness protection program).
 - ```
 
 	
 		See, e.g., 
 	
 		Emmanuel Igunza, 
 	
 		Kenya 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		Witness Killing Haunts Eldoret Family, 
 	
 		<abbr title="British Broadcasting Corporation News">
 			<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news">
 				BBC News,</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		
 			Jan. 9, 2015, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30716696">
 			online</a> 
 	
 
 
 	(about the killing of a witness under the 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC</abbr>’s witness protection program). 
 
```
- See, e.g., Emmanuel Igunza, Kenya ICC Witness Killing Haunts Eldoret Family, BBC News, January 9, 2015, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30716696 [REMARK] (about the killing of a witness under the ICC’s witness protection program).
4. Title; News Source
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Normally, a headline does not have quote marks around it. But here, it is an actual quote.
 - Normally, a headline originally in sentence case would be converted to mixed case in headline style. But here, that would be inappropriate since it is an actual quote. So it is not converted.
 - Simon Allison, ‘The Gambia coup didn’t just fail, it backfired’, Daily Maverick, January 7, 2015, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/gambia-failed-coup-encourage-president-jammeh.
 - Simon Allison, ‘The Gambia coup didn’t just fail, it backfired’, Daily Maverick, Jan. 7, 2015, available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Simon Allison, 
 	
 		‘The Gambia coup didn’t just fail, it backfired’, 
 	
 		<a href="http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/">
 			Daily Maverick,</a> 
 		
 			Jan. 7, 2015, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/gambia-failed-coup-encourage-president-jammeh">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - Simon Allison, ‘The Gambia coup didn’t just fail, it backfired’, Daily Maverick, January 7, 2015, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/07/gambia-failed-coup-encourage-president-jammeh.
 5. News Source; Title; Blockquote; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Note that the title has been converted to headline case from the original: “Gambia latest African nation to withdraw from International Criminal Court”
 - Jane Onyanga-Omara, Gambia Latest African Nation to Withdraw from International Criminal Court, USA Today, October 26, 2016, available at http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/foobar. [BLOCKQUOTE] (“Gambia’s withdrawal was the third country to pull out in two weeks, after Burundi and South Africa.”).
 - Jane Onyanga-Omara, Gambia Latest African Nation to Withdraw from International Criminal Court, USA Today, Oct. 26, 2016, available online.
 
 (“Gambia’s withdrawal was the third country to pull out in two weeks, after Burundi and South Africa.”).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Jane Onyanga-Omara, 
 	
 		Gambia Latest African Nation to Withdraw from International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		<a href="http://www.usatoday.com/">
 			<abbr title="United States of America">
 				USA 
 			</abbr>
 			Today,</a> 
 		
 			Oct. 26, 2016, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/10/26/gambia-latest-african-nation-withdraw-international-criminal-court/92766524/">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
 
 	(“Gambia’s withdrawal was the third country to pull out in two weeks, after Burundi and South Africa.”).
 
```
- Jane Onyanga-Omara, Gambia Latest African Nation to Withdraw from International Criminal Court, USA Today, October 26, 2016, available at http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/foobar. [BLOCKQUOTE] (“Gambia’s withdrawal was the third country to pull out in two weeks, after Burundi and South Africa.”).
6. Editorial; Remark; News Source; Author
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Editorial or opinion pieces from a news source should have “Editorial”, separated by commas, after the authors and before the title.
 - [REMARK] can be written inline and will be formatted properly during Coding.
 - Note that the abbreviation “ISIS” is wrapped with a definition during Coding.
 - Remarks usually begin with a lowercase present participial phrase. However, there are exceptions where they need to be treated as full sentences beginning with an uppercase word. The preceding punctuation, in such cases, is usually a period.
 - David French, Editorial, What It Would Mean to Treat Hamas Like ISIS, New York Times, October 12, 2023, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/opinion/israel-hamas-isis-gaza.html. [REMARK] (While Israel is justified in treating Hamas like a terrorist organization, it is still bound by the law of armed conflict. French analogizes the task to trying to purge ISIS from Mosul Iraq in 2016.)
 - David French, Editorial, What It Would Mean to Treat Hamas Like ISIS, N.Y. Times, Oct. 12, 2023, available online.
 
 (While Israel is justified in treating Hamas like a terrorist organization, it is still bound by the law of armed conflict. French analogizes the task to trying to purge ISIS from Mosul Iraq in 2016.)
 - ```
 
 	
 		David French, Editorial, 
 	
 		What It Would Mean to Treat Hamas Like 
 		<abbr title="Islamic State of Iraq and Syria">
 			ISIS</abbr>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="The New York Times">
 			<a href="https://nytimes.com/">
 				N.Y. Times,</a></abbr>
 		
 			Oct. 12, 2023,
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/opinion/israel-hamas-isis-gaza.html">
 			online.</a>
 
 
 	(While Israel is justified in treating Hamas like a terrorist organization, it is still bound by the law of armed conflict. French analogizes the task to trying to purge 
 	<abbr title="Islamic State of Iraq and Syria">
 		ISIS</abbr>
 	from Mosul Iraq in 2016.) 
 
```
 - David French, Editorial, What It Would Mean to Treat Hamas Like ISIS, New York Times, October 12, 2023, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/opinion/israel-hamas-isis-gaza.html. [REMARK] (While Israel is justified in treating Hamas like a terrorist organization, it is still bound by the law of armed conflict. French analogizes the task to trying to purge ISIS from Mosul Iraq in 2016.)
- Without Author
 1. News Source; No Author
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Sudan Says Decision to Expel Aid Groups is Irrevocable, Sudan Tribune, March 8, 2009, available at http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30414.
 - Sudan Says Decision to Expel Aid Groups is Irrevocable, Sudan Tribune, Mar. 8, 2009, available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Sudan Says Decision to Expel Aid Groups is Irrevocable, 
 	
 		<a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/">
 			Sudan Tribune,</a>
 		
 			Mar. 8, 2009, 
 	
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30414">
 			online.</a>
 	
 
```
- Sudan Says Decision to Expel Aid Groups is Irrevocable, Sudan Tribune, March 8, 2009, available at http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30414.
2. News Source, No Author, Signal
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - See Dutch Arms Trafficker to Liberia Given War Crimes Conviction, The Guardian, April 22, 2017, available at https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/apr/22/dutch-arms-trafficker-to-liberia-guus-kouwenhoven-given-war-crimes-conviction.
 - See Dutch Arms Trafficker to Liberia Given War Crimes Conviction, The Guardian, Apr. 22, 2017, available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See 
 	
 	
 		Dutch Arms Trafficker to Liberia Given War Crimes Conviction, 
 	<a href="http://www.guardiannews.com/">
 		The Guardian,</a> 
 	
 		Apr. 22, 2017, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/apr/22/dutch-arms-trafficker-to-liberia-guus-kouwenhoven-given-war-crimes-conviction">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - See Dutch Arms Trafficker to Liberia Given War Crimes Conviction, The Guardian, April 22, 2017, available at https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/apr/22/dutch-arms-trafficker-to-liberia-guus-kouwenhoven-given-war-crimes-conviction.
 3. News Source; No Author; News Agency; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Cite to AFP — a news agency — even though URL is to the publication that ran the story.
 - Hereinafter uses a short form of the title.
 - ICC Prosecutors Accuse DR Congo Rebel of Witness Tampering, AFP, November 11, 2016, [hereinafter DRC Tampering], available at http://pulse.com.gh/news/bosco-ntaganda-trial-icc-prosecutors-accuse-dr-congo-rebel-of-witness-tampering-id5745263.html.
 - ICC Prosecutors Accuse DR Congo Rebel of Witness Tampering, AFP, Nov. 11, 2016, [hereinafter DRC Tampering], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		Prosecutors Accuse 
 		<abbr title="Democratic Republic">
 			DR 
 		</abbr>
 		Congo Rebel of Witness Tampering, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Agence France-Presse">
 			<a href="http://www.afp.com/">
 				AFP,</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		
 			Nov. 11, 2016, [hereinafter 
 	
 		<abbr title="Democratic Republic of Congo">
 			DRC 
 		</abbr>
 		Tampering], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://pulse.com.gh/news/bosco-ntaganda-trial-icc-prosecutors-accuse-dr-congo-rebel-of-witness-tampering-id5745263.html">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- ICC Prosecutors Accuse DR Congo Rebel of Witness Tampering, AFP, November 11, 2016, [hereinafter DRC Tampering], available at http://pulse.com.gh/news/bosco-ntaganda-trial-icc-prosecutors-accuse-dr-congo-rebel-of-witness-tampering-id5745263.html.
Periodicals
- Consecutively Paged
 1. Consecutively Paged Periodical; Entities; Signal
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - See Marko Milanović, The Impact of the ICTY on the Former Yugoslavia: An Anticipatory Postmortem, 110 American Journal of International Law 233 (2016), available at http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37359/1/amerjintelaw.110.2.0233.pdf.
 - See Marko Milanović, The Impact of the ICTY on the Former Yugoslavia: An Anticipatory Postmortem, 110 Am. J. Int’l L. 233 (2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See 
 	
 	
 		Marko Milanović, 
 	
 		The Impact of the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">
 			ICTY 
 		</abbr>
 		on the Former Yugoslavia: An Anticipatory Postmortem, 
 	
 		110 
 		<abbr title="American Journal of International Law">
 			<a href="http://www.asil.org/ajil.cfm">
 				Am. J. Int’l L.</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		233 (2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37359/1/amerjintelaw.110.2.0233.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- See Marko Milanović, The Impact of the ICTY on the Former Yugoslavia: An Anticipatory Postmortem, 110 American Journal of International Law 233 (2016), available at http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37359/1/amerjintelaw.110.2.0233.pdf.
2. Consecutively Paged Periodical; Pincite to Range of Pages; Entities; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Alex Whiting is an ICC Forum invited expert, so his name is linked to his site profile.
 - Pincite to a range of pages is Coded with an en dash.
 - Pincite to the second number of a range preserves the last two digits, e.g. 331–33.
 - Since URL ends in “.pdf”, no need for a [PDF] Coding Marker.
 - Alex Whiting, In International Criminal Prosecutions, Justice Delayed Can Be Justice Delivered, 50 Harvard International Law Journal 323, 331–33 (June 2009), available at http://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/HILJ_50-2_Whiting.pdf.
 - Alex Whiting, In International Criminal Prosecutions, Justice Delayed Can Be Justice Delivered, 50 Harv. Int’l L.J. 323, 331–33 (Jun. 2009), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/whiting">
 			Alex Whiting,</a>
 	
 	
 		In International Criminal Prosecutions, Justice Delayed Can Be Justice Delivered, 
 	
 		50 
 		<abbr title="Harvard International Law Journal">
 			<a href="http://www.harvardilj.org/">
 				Harv. Int’l L.J.</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		323, 331–33 (Jun. 2009), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/HILJ_50-2_Whiting.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - Alex Whiting, In International Criminal Prosecutions, Justice Delayed Can Be Justice Delivered, 50 Harvard International Law Journal 323, 331–33 (June 2009), available at http://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/HILJ_50-2_Whiting.pdf.
 3. Earlier Version; Archived; PDF; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Only an early version of the paper was found. This shows how it is cited.
 - Carsten Stahn is an ICC Forum invited expert, so his name is wrapped with a link to his profile.
 - Archive link to webcitation.org is for a PDF. [PDF] Coding Marker is used.
 - Even though the title ends in a question mark, a comma is added after the title.
 - Carsten Stahn, Between ‘Faith’ and ‘Facts’: By What Standards Should We Assess International Criminal Justice?, 25 Leiden Journal of International Law 251 (2012), earlier version (October 31, 2011), available at https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19651/Oratie%20Stahn.pdf, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rRkVHWDe. [PDF]
 - Carsten Stahn, Between ‘Faith’ and ‘Facts’: By What Standards Should We Assess International Criminal Justice?, 25 Leiden J. Int’l L. 251 (2012), earlier version (Oct. 31, 2011), available online, archived.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/stahn">
 			Carsten Stahn,</a>
 	
 	
 		Between ‘Faith’ and ‘Facts’: By What Standards Should We Assess International Criminal Justice?, 
 	
 		25 
 		<abbr title="Leiden Journal of International Law">
 			<a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=LJL">
 				Leiden J. Int’l L.</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		251 (2012), earlier version (Oct. 31, 2011), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a class="pdf" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19651/Oratie%20Stahn.pdf">
 			online,</a> 
 		<a class="pdf" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6rRkVHWDe">
 			archived.</a>
 	
 
```
- Carsten Stahn, Between ‘Faith’ and ‘Facts’: By What Standards Should We Assess International Criminal Justice?, 25 Leiden Journal of International Law 251 (2012), earlier version (October 31, 2011), available at https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19651/Oratie%20Stahn.pdf, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rRkVHWDe. [PDF]
4. Consecutively Paged Periodical; Paywall; Earlier Version; Coding Marker
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - See also Luke Moffett, Meaningful and Effective? Considering Victims’ Interests Through Participation at the International Criminal Court, 26 Criminal Law Forum 255 (June 2015), available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10609-015-9256-1 [PAYWALL], earlier version available at http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/15375987/Journal_article_Meaningful_and_effective_Considering_victims_interests_through_participation_at_the_International_Criminal_Court.pdf.
 - See also Luke Moffett, Meaningful and Effective? Considering Victims’ Interests Through Participation at the International Criminal Court, 26 Crim. L. Forum 255 (Jun. 2015), paywall, earlier version available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See also 
 	
 	
 		Luke Moffett, 
 	
 		Meaningful and Effective? Considering Victims’ Interests Through Participation at the International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		26 
 		<abbr title="Criminal Law Forum">
 			<a href="http://www.springer.com/law/criminal/journal/10609">
 				Crim. L. Forum</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		255 (Jun. 2015), 
 	
 		<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10609-015-9256-1">
 			paywall,</a> 
 		earlier version available 
 		<a href="http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/15375987/Journal_article_Meaningful_and_effective_Considering_victims_interests_through_participation_at_the_International_Criminal_Court.pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - See also Luke Moffett, Meaningful and Effective? Considering Victims’ Interests Through Participation at the International Criminal Court, 26 Criminal Law Forum 255 (June 2015), available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10609-015-9256-1 [PAYWALL], earlier version available at http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/15375987/Journal_article_Meaningful_and_effective_Considering_victims_interests_through_participation_at_the_International_Criminal_Court.pdf.
 5. Consecutively Paged Periodical; Paywall; Earlier Version; Archived; Signal; PDF; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Sometimes, research reveals an earlier version of a cited paper. This shows how both can be referenced in a citation.
 - The webcitation.org archive is to a PDF format document; because the URL doesn’t end in “.pdf”, use the [PDF] Coding Marker.
 - See Tom Buitelaar, The ICC and the Prevention of Atrocities: Criminological Perspectives, 17 Human Rights Review 286 (2016), available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12142-016-0414-6 [PAYWALL], earlier version (April 2015) available at http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The_ICC_and_The_Prevention_of_Atrocities.pdf, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rRecePxw [PDF].
 - See Tom Buitelaar, The ICC and the Prevention of Atrocities: Criminological Perspectives, 17 Hum. Rts. Rev. 286 (2016), paywall, earlier version (Apr. 2015), available online, archived.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See
 	
 		Tom Buitelaar, 
 	
 		The 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>
 		and the Prevention of Atrocities: Criminological Perspectives, 
 	
 		17 
 		<abbr title="Human Rights Review">
 			<a href="http://www.springer.com/law/journal/12142">
 				Hum. Rts. Rev.</a></abbr>
 		286 (2016), 
 	
 		<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12142-016-0414-6">
 			paywall,</a>
 		earlier version (Apr. 2015), available 
 		<a href="http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The_ICC_and_The_Prevention_of_Atrocities.pdf">
 			online,</a>
 		<a class="pdf" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6rRecePxw">
 			archived.</a>
 
```
- See Tom Buitelaar, The ICC and the Prevention of Atrocities: Criminological Perspectives, 17 Human Rights Review 286 (2016), available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12142-016-0414-6 [PAYWALL], earlier version (April 2015) available at http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The_ICC_and_The_Prevention_of_Atrocities.pdf, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rRecePxw [PDF].
6. Consecutively Paged Periodical; Background Materials; Remark; DOI; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - This citation is destined for the Background materials. As the comment author, you write and format the citation exactly as you would for a footnote citation and don’t need to be concerned about the differences in formatting. When it is coded, however, it will be formatted differently in the following ways:
 there is a period after the date closing parenthesis rather than the normally omitted punctuation,
 the online reference appears below the main citation,
 while Remarks usually begin with a lowercase present participial phrase (e.g. “discussing”), they do not for Background materials, (e.g. “Discusses”), and
 the remark is not enclosed in parentheses, although blockquote material will be.
 - As Dapo Akande is an ICC Forum invited expert, his name is linked to his ICC Forum profile page during Coding.
 - Dapo Akande, The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits, 1 Journal of International Criminal Justice 618 (December 1, 2003), available at https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article-abstract/1/3/618/2188874/The-Jurisdiction-of-the-International-Criminal [PAYWALL], doi at https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.3.618. [REMARK] Discusses how the ICC needs State acceptance in order for the ICC to have jurisdiction over the State; it cannot impose or create duties among these states. He also gives a variety of examples on how this is applied and how the ICC deals with official acts of non-state parties and their immunities.
 - Dapo Akande, The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits, 1 J. Int’l Crim. Just. 618 (Dec. 1, 2003). paywall, doi.
 
 Discusses how the ICC needs State acceptance in order for the ICC to have jurisdiction over the State; it cannot impose or create duties among these states. He also gives a variety of examples on how this is applied and how the ICC deals with official acts of non-state parties and their immunities.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/akande">
 			Dapo Akande,</a>
 	
 	
 		The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits, 
 	
 	
 		1 
 		<abbr title="Journal of International Criminal Justice">
 			<a href="http://jicj.oxfordjournals.org/">
 				J. Int’l Crim. Just.</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		618 (Dec. 1, 2003). 
 	
 		<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article-abstract/1/3/618/2188874/The-Jurisdiction-of-the-International-Criminal">
 			paywall,</a>
 		<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.3.618">
 			<abbr title="digital object identifier">
 				doi</abbr>.</a> 
 	
 
 
 	Discusses how the 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC 
 	</abbr>
 	needs State acceptance in order for the 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC 
 	</abbr>
 	to have jurisdiction over the State; it cannot impose or create duties among these states. He also gives a variety of examples on how this is applied and how the 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC 
 	</abbr>
 	deals with official acts of non-state parties and their immunities. 
 
```
 - Dapo Akande, The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits, 1 Journal of International Criminal Justice 618 (December 1, 2003), available at https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article-abstract/1/3/618/2188874/The-Jurisdiction-of-the-International-Criminal [PAYWALL], doi at https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.3.618. [REMARK] Discusses how the ICC needs State acceptance in order for the ICC to have jurisdiction over the State; it cannot impose or create duties among these states. He also gives a variety of examples on how this is applied and how the ICC deals with official acts of non-state parties and their immunities.
 7. One Source Citing Another; Consecutively Paged Periodical; Pincite to First Page; PDF; Paywall; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When the primary source is really about a cite (or quote) from another source, indicate “citing” (or “quoting”) and provide full cites to each source.
 - When citing specifically material on the first page of a source, repeat that page after the citation as in the Sanbar citation.
 - Main link is to a PDF format file but the URL extension isn’t “.pdf”. [PDF] Coding Marker is used.
 - Even though the title of the first source ends in a question mark, a comma is added after the title.
 - Yoav Kapshuk, Transitional Justice in the Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations: What Can Be Learned from the Colombian Case?, 14 Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 73, 76 (2019), available at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1542316619832682 [PDF], doi at https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316619832682 citing Elias Sanbar, Out of Place, Out of Time, 16 Mediterranean Historical Review 87, 87 (2001), available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233004441_Out_of_Place_Out_of_Time [PAYWALL], doi at https://doi.org/10.1080/714004568.
 - Yoav Kapshuk, Transitional Justice in the Israeli–Palestinian Negotiations: What Can Be Learned from the Colombian Case?, 14 JPD 73, 76 (2019), available online, doi citing Elias Sanbar, Out of Place, Out of Time, 16 Mediterr. Hist. Rev. 87, 87 (2001), paywall, doi.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Yoav Kapshuk, 
 	
 		Transitional Justice in the Israeli&ndash;Palestinian Negotiations: What Can Be Learned from the Colombian Case?, 
 	
 		14 
 		<abbr title="Journal of Peacebuilding and Development">
 			<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/home/JPD">
 				JPD</a></abbr>
 		73, 76 (2019), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a class="pdf" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1542316619832682">
 			online,</a>
 		<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316619832682">
 			<abbr title="digital object identifier">
 				doi</abbr></a>
 	citing 
 	
 		Elias Sanbar, 
 	
 		Out of Place, Out of Time, 
 	
 		16 
 		<abbr title="Mediterranean Historical Review">
 			<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/fmhr20">
 				Mediterr. Hist. Rev.</a></abbr>
 		87, 87 (2001), 
 	
 		<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233004441_Out_of_Place_Out_of_Time">
 			paywall,</a>
 		<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/714004568">
 			<abbr title="digital object identifier">
 				doi</abbr>.</a>
 
```
- Yoav Kapshuk, Transitional Justice in the Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations: What Can Be Learned from the Colombian Case?, 14 Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 73, 76 (2019), available at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1542316619832682 [PDF], doi at https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316619832682 citing Elias Sanbar, Out of Place, Out of Time, 16 Mediterranean Historical Review 87, 87 (2001), available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233004441_Out_of_Place_Out_of_Time [PAYWALL], doi at https://doi.org/10.1080/714004568.
- Not Consecutively Paged
 1. Non Consecutively Paged Periodical
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Elizabeth Peet, Why is the International Criminal Court so Bad at Prosecuting War Criminals?, The Wilson Quarterly (June 15, 2015), available at http://wilsonquarterly.com/stories/why-is-the-international-criminal-court-so-bad-at-prosecuting-war-criminals/.
 - Elizabeth Peet, Why is the International Criminal Court so Bad at Prosecuting War Criminals?, Wilson Q. (Jun. 15, 2015), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Elizabeth Peet, 
 	
 		Why is the International Criminal Court so Bad at Prosecuting War Criminals?, 
 	
 		<abbr title="The Wilson Quarterly">
 			<a href="https://wilsonquarterly.com/">
 				Wilson Q.</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		(Jun. 15, 2015), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://wilsonquarterly.com/stories/why-is-the-international-criminal-court-so-bad-at-prosecuting-war-criminals/">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- Elizabeth Peet, Why is the International Criminal Court so Bad at Prosecuting War Criminals?, The Wilson Quarterly (June 15, 2015), available at http://wilsonquarterly.com/stories/why-is-the-international-criminal-court-so-bad-at-prosecuting-war-criminals/.
2. Non Consecutively Paged Periodical; Entities; Signal
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - See Mélanie Vianney-Liaud, Emerging Voices: Victim Participation in ICC and ECCC’s Proceedings, Opinio Juris (August 20, 2015), available at http://opiniojuris.org/2015/08/20/emerging-voices-victim-participation-in-icc-and-ecccs-proceedings/.
 - See Mélanie Vianney-Liaud, Emerging Voices: Victim Participation in ICC and ECCC’s Proceedings, Opinio Juris (Aug. 20, 2015), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See 
 	
 	
 		Mélanie Vianney-Liaud, 
 	
 		Emerging Voices: Victim Participation in 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		and 
 		<abbr title="Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia">
 			ECCC</abbr>’s Proceedings, 
 	
 		<a href="http://opiniojuris.org/">
 			<dfn title="opinion of the law">
 				Opinio Juris</dfn></a> 
 		(Aug. 20, 2015), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2015/08/20/emerging-voices-victim-participation-in-icc-and-ecccs-proceedings/">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - See Mélanie Vianney-Liaud, Emerging Voices: Victim Participation in ICC and ECCC’s Proceedings, Opinio Juris (August 20, 2015), available at http://opiniojuris.org/2015/08/20/emerging-voices-victim-participation-in-icc-and-ecccs-proceedings/.
 3. Non Consecutively Paged Periodical; Signal
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - See, e.g., Sam Frizell, What Leaked Emails Reveal About Hillary Clinton’s Campaign, Time Magazine, October 7, 2016, available at http://time.com/4523749/hillary-clinton-wikileaks-leaked-emails-john-podesta/.
 - See, e.g., Sam Frizell, What Leaked Emails Reveal About Hillary Clinton’s Campaign, Time Magazine, Oct. 7, 2016, available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See, e.g., 
 	
 		Sam Frizell, 
 	
 		What Leaked Emails Reveal About Hillary Clinton’s Campaign, 
 	
 		<a href="http://www.time.com/">
 			Time Magazine,</a> 
 		
 			Oct. 7, 2016, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://time.com/4523749/hillary-clinton-wikileaks-leaked-emails-john-podesta/">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- See, e.g., Sam Frizell, What Leaked Emails Reveal About Hillary Clinton’s Campaign, Time Magazine, October 7, 2016, available at http://time.com/4523749/hillary-clinton-wikileaks-leaked-emails-john-podesta/.
4. Non Consecutively Paged Periodical; Foreign Language Term; Signal; Coding Marker
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - [SIGNAL] See inter alia, Daniel Donovan, International Criminal Court: Successes and Failures, International Policy Digest (March 23, 2012), available at https://intpolicydigest.org/2012/03/23/international-criminal-court-successes-and-failures/.
 - See inter alia, Daniel Donovan, International Criminal Court: Successes and Failures, Int’l Pol’y Dig. (Mar. 23, 2012), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See 
 		<dfn title="among other things">
 			inter alia</dfn>, 
 	
 		Daniel Donovan, 
 	
 		International Criminal Court: Successes and Failures, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Policy Digest">
 			<a href="https://intpolicydigest.org/">
 				Int’l Pol’y Dig.</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		(Mar. 23, 2012), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://intpolicydigest.org/2012/03/23/international-criminal-court-successes-and-failures/">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - [SIGNAL] See inter alia, Daniel Donovan, International Criminal Court: Successes and Failures, International Policy Digest (March 23, 2012), available at https://intpolicydigest.org/2012/03/23/international-criminal-court-successes-and-failures/.
Institutional Authors
- With Author
 1. Congressional Research Service Report; Report; Docket Number; Institutional Author; Multiple Authors; Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When an individual author is credited on behalf of an institution, use the individual author’s name followed by the institution prior to the title.
 - The institution name will be abbreviated in Coding if it does not begin the citation.
 - With multiple authors, the last one is preceded by an ampersand instead of a comma.
 - The research paper number in Congressional Reports precedes the title.
 - Note that the pincite to page 20 comes immediately after the title and is not preceded by a comma.
 - [REPORT] Christopher A. Casey, Dianne E. Rennack, Ian F. Fergusson & Jennifer K. Elsea, Congressional Research Service, R45618, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use 20 (July 14, 2020), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45618.pdf.
 - Christopher A. Casey, Dianne E. Rennack, Ian F. Fergusson & Jennifer K. Elsea, Cong. Research Serv., R45618, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use 20 (Jul. 14, 2020), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Christopher A. Casey, 
 	
 		Dianne E. Rennack, 
 	
 		Ian F. Fergusson
 	&amp; Jennifer K. Elsea, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Congressional Research Service">
 			<a href="https://www.loc.gov/crsinfo/">
 				Cong. Research Serv.,</a></abbr>
 		R45618, 
 	
 		The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use
 	
 		20 (Jul. 14, 2020), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45618.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- [REPORT] Christopher A. Casey, Dianne E. Rennack, Ian F. Fergusson & Jennifer K. Elsea, Congressional Research Service, R45618, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use 20 (July 14, 2020), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45618.pdf.
2. Official Letter with Sender and Recipient; Titles; Abbreviations
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The title is constructed.
 - Office of Legal Council can be abbreviated within the title during Coding.
 - The positions and departments of both the sender and the recipient of the letter are important here; they can be abbreviated during Coding.
 - Letter from John B. Bellinger, III, Legal Advisor, U.S. Department of State, to Steven G. Bradbury, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, Response to Office of Legal Council Draft Opinion on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques (February 9, 2007), available at https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/44-Bellinger-letter-on-enhanced-interrogation-techniques.pdf.
 - Letter from John B. Bellinger, III, Legal Advisor, U.S. Dept. of State, to Steven G. Bradbury, Actg. Asst. Atty. Gen., Dept. of Justice, Response to OLC Draft Opinion on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques (Feb. 9, 2007), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Letter from 
 	
 		John B. Bellinger, III, Legal Advisor, 
 	<abbr title="United States Department of State">
 		<a href="https://www.state.gov/" class="external">
 			U.S. Dept. of State,</a></abbr>
 	to Steven G. Bradbury, 
 	<abbr title="Acting Assistant Attorney General">
 		Actg. Asst. Atty. Gen.</abbr>, Dept. of Justice, 
 	
 		Response to 
 		<abbr title="Office of Legal Council">
 			OLC</abbr>
 		Draft Opinion on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques
 	(Feb. 9, 2007), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/44-Bellinger-letter-on-enhanced-interrogation-techniques.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - Letter from John B. Bellinger, III, Legal Advisor, U.S. Department of State, to Steven G. Bradbury, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, Response to Office of Legal Council Draft Opinion on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques (February 9, 2007), available at https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/44-Bellinger-letter-on-enhanced-interrogation-techniques.pdf.
 3. Institutional Author; Multiple Authors; Coding Marker; Report
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When an individual author is credited on behalf of an institution, use the individual author’s name followed by the institution prior to the title.
 - The institution name will be abbreviated in Coding if it does not begin the citation.
 - With multiple authors, the last one is preceded by an ampersand instead of a comma.
 - [REPORT] Stephen Smith Cody, Eric Stover, Mychelle Balthazard & K. Alexa Koenig, UC Berkeley Human Rights Center, The Victims’ Court?: A Study of 622 Victim Participants at the International Criminal Court (2015), available at https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/VP_report_2015_final_full2.pdf.
 - Stephen Smith Cody, Eric Stover, Mychelle Balthazard & K. Alexa Koenig, UC Berkeley HRC, The Victims’ Court?: A Study of 622 Victim Participants at the International Criminal Court (2015), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Stephen Smith Cody, 
 	
 		Eric Stover, 
 	
 		Mychelle Balthazard 
 	
 	&amp; 
 	
 		K. Alexa Koenig, 
 	<abbr title="University of California at Berkeley, Human Rights Center">
 		<a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/human-rights-center/">
 			UC Berkeley HRC,</a> 
 	</abbr>
 	
 		The Victims’ Court?: A Study of 622 Victim Participants at the International Criminal Court 
 	
 	
 		(2015), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/VP_report_2015_final_full2.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- [REPORT] Stephen Smith Cody, Eric Stover, Mychelle Balthazard & K. Alexa Koenig, UC Berkeley Human Rights Center, The Victims’ Court?: A Study of 622 Victim Participants at the International Criminal Court (2015), available at https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/VP_report_2015_final_full2.pdf.
4. Multiple Authors; Draft Version; Report; Pincite; PDF; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - A report should be preceded with the [REPORT] Coding Marker.
 - Two authors are separated by an ampersand.
 - The version “Discussion Draft Version” appears after the publishing organization when it is relevant.
 - When the URL is a PDF format file but the extension of the URL is not “.pdf”, add the [PDF] Coding Marker.
 - For clarity, the pincite is preceded by “at” when it follows a number.
 - [REPORT] Dan H. Hall & Ingo Keilitz, Global Measures of Court Performance, International Framework for Court Excellence, Discussion Draft Version 3, at 4 (November 9, 2012), available at http://www.courtexcellence.com/~/media/microsites/files/icce/global%20measures_v3_11_2012.ashx [PDF].
 - Dan H. Hall & Ingo Keilitz, Global Measures of Court Performance, International Framework for Court Excellence, Disc. Draft Ver. 3, at 4 (Nov. 9, 2012), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Dan H. Hall 
 	
 	&amp; 
 	
 		Ingo Keilitz, 
 	
 		Global Measures of Court Performance, 
 	
 	
 		<a href="http://www.courtexcellence.com/">
 			International Framework for Court Excellence,</a> 
 		Disc. Draft Ver. 3, at 4 (Nov. 9, 2012), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a class="pdf" href="http://www.courtexcellence.com/~/media/microsites/files/icce/global%20measures_v3_11_2012.ashx">
 			online.</a>
 	
 
```
 - [REPORT] Dan H. Hall & Ingo Keilitz, Global Measures of Court Performance, International Framework for Court Excellence, Discussion Draft Version 3, at 4 (November 9, 2012), available at http://www.courtexcellence.com/~/media/microsites/files/icce/global%20measures_v3_11_2012.ashx [PDF].
- Without Author
 1. Institutional Author; Signal
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - See Human Rights Watch, ICC: Kenya Deputy President’s Case Ends (April 5, 2016), available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/05/icc-kenya-deputy-presidents-case-ends.
 - See Human Rights Watch, ICC: Kenya Deputy President’s Case Ends (Apr. 5, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See 
 	
 	
 		<a href="http://www.hrw.org/">
 			Human Rights Watch,</a> 
 	
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>: Kenya Deputy President’s Case Ends 
 	
 	
 		(Apr. 5, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/05/icc-kenya-deputy-presidents-case-ends">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- See Human Rights Watch, ICC: Kenya Deputy President’s Case Ends (April 5, 2016), available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/05/icc-kenya-deputy-presidents-case-ends.
2. Background Materials; Institutional Author; Report; Archived; PDF; Date; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Check the paper carefully. If authors are listed—and sometimes they are in a footnote or acknowledgement section—use them in preference to an institutional author.
 - Use the [REPORT] Coding Marker
 - Reports are Coded much like a book.
 - The archive link is to a pdf file; because the extension is not .pdf, use the [PDF] Coding Marker.
 - Institutional author is not abbreviated.
 - Because this is for Background materials, the comment is not enclosed in parentheses.
 - Because this is for Background materials, the URLs are formatted slightly differently, although they are written identically to comment citations.
 - [REPORT] Open Society Justice Initiative, Briefing Paper: Establishing Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court (November 2015), available at https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/briefing-icc-perforamnce-indicators-20151208.pdf, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rRe0Bkir [PDF]. [REMARK] Admits the benefit of having performance indicator but argues that the indicators must provide a comprehensive view on ICC’s performance rather than ending up providing a list of data; also argues that it be set-up by the ICC itself after hearing voices outside the court.
 - Open Society Justice Initiative, Briefing Paper: Establishing Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court (Nov. 2015). Available online, archived.
 
 Admits the benefit of having performance indicator but argues that the indicators must provide a comprehensive view on ICC’s performance rather than ending up providing a list of data; also argues that it be set-up by the ICC itself after hearing voices outside the court.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/about/programs/open-society-justice-initiative">
 			Open Society Justice Initiative,</a> 
 	
 	
 		Briefing Paper: Establishing Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court 
 	
 	
 		(Nov. 2015). 
 	
 		Available 
 		<a href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/briefing-icc-perforamnce-indicators-20151208.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online,</a> 
 		<a class="pdf" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6rRe0Bkir">
 			archived.</a>
 	
 
 
 	Admits the benefit of having performance indicator but argues that the indicators must provide a comprehensive view on 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC</abbr>’s performance rather than ending up providing a list of data; also argues that it be set-up by the 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC 
 	</abbr>
 	itself after hearing voices outside the court. 
 
```
 - [REPORT] Open Society Justice Initiative, Briefing Paper: Establishing Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court (November 2015), available at https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/briefing-icc-perforamnce-indicators-20151208.pdf, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rRe0Bkir [PDF]. [REMARK] Admits the benefit of having performance indicator but argues that the indicators must provide a comprehensive view on ICC’s performance rather than ending up providing a list of data; also argues that it be set-up by the ICC itself after hearing voices outside the court.
 3. Institutional Author; Report; Pincite; Coding Marker
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - [REPORT] American Bar Association, Perceptions of the U.S. Justice System 11 (1999), available at https://www.americanbar.org/content/foobar/authcheckdam.pdf.
 - American Bar Association, Perceptions of the U.S. Justice System 11 (1999), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="https://www.americanbar.org/">
 			American Bar Association,</a> 
 	
 		Perceptions of the 
 		<abbr title="United States">
 			U.S. 
 		</abbr>
 		Justice System 
 	
 	
 		11 (1999), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/abanews/1269460858_20_1_1_7_upload_file.authcheckdam.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a>  
 	
 
```
- [REPORT] American Bar Association, Perceptions of the U.S. Justice System 11 (1999), available at https://www.americanbar.org/content/foobar/authcheckdam.pdf.
4. Department of Government; Institutional Author; Report
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - For an institutional government author, first list the smallest subdivision that created the report, and then the larger organization.
 - [REPORT] Office of the Attorney General, State of Israel, The International Criminal Court’s Lack of Jurisdiction Over the So-called “Situation in Palestine” (December 20, 2019), available at https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2019/Documents/ICCs%20lack%20of%20jurisdiction%20over%20so-called%20%e2%80%9csituation%20in%20Palestine%e2%80%9d%20-%20AG.pdf.
 - Office of the Attorney General, State of Israel, The International Criminal Court’s Lack of Jurisdiction Over the So-called “Situation in Palestine” (Dec. 20, 2019), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Office of the Attorney General, 
 	
 		State of Israel, 
 	
 		The International Criminal Court&rsquo;s Lack of Jurisdiction Over the So-called &ldquo;Situation in Palestine&rdquo;
 	
 		(Dec. 20, 2019), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2019/Documents/ICCs%20lack%20of%20jurisdiction%20over%20so-called%20%e2%80%9csituation%20in%20Palestine%e2%80%9d%20-%20AG.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - [REPORT] Office of the Attorney General, State of Israel, The International Criminal Court’s Lack of Jurisdiction Over the So-called “Situation in Palestine” (December 20, 2019), available at https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2019/Documents/ICCs%20lack%20of%20jurisdiction%20over%20so-called%20%e2%80%9csituation%20in%20Palestine%e2%80%9d%20-%20AG.pdf.
Books
- Alone
 1. Book—Not a Collection; Pincite; Link Not Found; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Use the [BOOK] Coding Marker before a citation to a book.
 - Pincite follows the title without preceding comma.
 - No publisher information is necessary unless it would be ambiguous without it.
 - The edition is not necessary if this is the first edition.
 - Use the [NOTFOUND] Coding Marker if an online version of the source cannot be found.
 - [BOOK] David Bosco, Rough Justice: The International Criminal Court in a World of Power Politics 3 (2014). [NOTFOUND]
 - David Bosco, Rough Justice: The International Criminal Court in a World of Power Politics 3 (2014).
 - ```
 
 	
 		David Bosco, 
 	
 		Rough Justice: The International Criminal Court in a World of Power Politics 
 	
 	
 		3 (2014). 
 
```
- [BOOK] David Bosco, Rough Justice: The International Criminal Court in a World of Power Politics 3 (2014). [NOTFOUND]
2. Book—Not a Collection; Signal; Link Not Found; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Use the [NOTFOUND] Coding Marker if an online version of the source cannot be found.
 - See generally [BOOK] Richard A. Wilson, Writing History in International Trials (May 2011). [NOTFOUND]
 - See generally Richard A. Wilson, Writing History in International Trials (May 2011).
 - ```
 
 	
 		See generally 
 	
 	
 		Richard A. Wilson, 
 	
 		Writing History in International Trials 
 	
 	
 		(May 2011). 
 
```
 - See generally [BOOK] Richard A. Wilson, Writing History in International Trials (May 2011). [NOTFOUND]
 3. Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction; Book—Not a Collection; Author; Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When an author is the editor of a book, add “ed.” without preceding comma.
 - Note the source is broken into Principles, so the pincite is to one of those principles.
 - Stephen Macedo ed., The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, Principle 1 (2001), available at https://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/unive_jur.pdf.
 - Stephen Macedo ed., The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, Principle 1 (2001), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Stephen Macedo
 	ed., 
 	
 		The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, 
 	
 		Principle 1 (2001), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/unive_jur.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Stephen Macedo ed., The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, Principle 1 (2001), available at https://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/unive_jur.pdf.
- Collection of Articles
 1. Book—Collection; Multiple Authors; Pincite; Link Not Found; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The authors of an article within a book are not rendered in small caps.
 - Note that the pincite to page 1259 comes immediately after the title and is not preceded by a comma.
 - Two authors are separated by an ampersand.
 - The editor of the book is an ICC Forum invited expert, so his name is wrapped in a link to his profile page during Coding.
 - The [NOTFOUND] Code Marker is used to communicate that a link was researched but not found.
 - The word “in” is rendered in italics during Coding.
 - [BOOK] Elizabeth Evenson & Alison Smith, Completion, Legacy and Complementarity at the ICC, in The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court 1259 (Carsten Stahn ed., 2015). [NOTFOUND]
 - Elizabeth Evenson & Alison Smith, Completion, Legacy and Complementarity at the ICC, in The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court 1259 (Carsten Stahn ed., 2015).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Elizabeth Evenson 
 	
 	&amp; 
 	
 		Alison Smith, 
 	
 		Completion, Legacy and Complementarity at the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>, 
 	
 		in 
 	
 	
 		The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court 
 	
 	
 		1259 (<a href="/users/stahn">Carsten Stahn</a>
 		ed., 
 		
 			2015). 
 
```
- [BOOK] Elizabeth Evenson & Alison Smith, Completion, Legacy and Complementarity at the ICC, in The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court 1259 (Carsten Stahn ed., 2015). [NOTFOUND]
2. Article; Book—Collection; Link Not Found; Entities; Coding Marker; Pincite
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - [BOOK] Christine Schwöbel, The Market and Marketing Culture of International Criminal Law, in Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law—An Introduction 264 (Christine Schwöbel ed., 2014). [NOTFOUND]
 - Christine Schwöbel, The Market and Marketing Culture of International Criminal Law, in Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law—An Introduction 264 (Christine Schwöbel ed., 2014).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Christine Schw&ouml;bel, 
 	
 		The Market and Marketing Culture of International Criminal Law, 
 	
 		in 
 	
 	
 		Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law&mdash;An Introduction 
 	
 	
 		264 
 		(Christine Schw&ouml;bel
 		ed., 
 		
 			2014). 
 
```
 - [BOOK] Christine Schwöbel, The Market and Marketing Culture of International Criminal Law, in Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law—An Introduction 264 (Christine Schwöbel ed., 2014). [NOTFOUND]
 3. Book—Collection; Multiple Authors; Signal; Pincite; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - [BOOK] Coding Marker should be added.
 - Last editor in a series separated with ampersand.
 - Recognized signal is italicized during Coding.
 - Since URL ends in “.pdf”, no need for a [PDF] Coding Marker.
 - Note that the pincite to page 6 comes immediately after the title and is not preceded by a comma.
 - See [BOOK] Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations 6 (Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning & Ramesh Thakur eds., 2007), available at https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2483/pdf9789280811421.pdf.
 - See Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations 6 (Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning & Ramesh Thakur eds., 2007), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See
 	
 		Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations
 	
 		6 (Chiyuki Aoi, 
 		
 			Cedric de Coning
 		&amp; Ramesh Thakur eds., 
 		
 			2007), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2483/pdf9789280811421.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- See [BOOK] Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations 6 (Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning & Ramesh Thakur eds., 2007), available at https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2483/pdf9789280811421.pdf.
4. Book—Collection; Multiple Editors; Hereinafter; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Christian De Vos and Carsten Stahn are ICC Forum invited experts, so their names are wrapped with links to their profiles during Coding.
 - “hereinafter” references come after the date and before the link to the available URL.
 - [BOOK] Contested Justice: The Politics and Practices of International Criminal Court Interventions (Christian De Vos, Sara Kendall & Carsten Stahn eds., 2015) [hereinafter Contested Justice], available at https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53524/1/Contested%20Justice%20SK%20PDF.pdf.
 - Contested Justice: The Politics and Practices of International Criminal Court Interventions (Christian De Vos, Sara Kendall & Carsten Stahn eds., 2015) [hereinafter Contested Justice], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Contested Justice: The Politics and Practices of International Criminal Court Interventions
 	
 		(<a href="/users/de-vos">Christian De Vos,</a>
 		
 			Sara Kendall
 		&amp; <a href="/users/stahn">
 				Carsten Stahn</a>
 		eds., 
 		
 			2015)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Contested Justice], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53524/1/Contested%20Justice%20SK%20PDF.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - [BOOK] Contested Justice: The Politics and Practices of International Criminal Court Interventions (Christian De Vos, Sara Kendall & Carsten Stahn eds., 2015) [hereinafter Contested Justice], available at https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53524/1/Contested%20Justice%20SK%20PDF.pdf.
Websites
- Generally
- With Author
 1. Webpage; Author; Date
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Last Visited reference not necessary for dated source.
 - Michael Broache, Beyond Deterrence: The ICC Effect in the OTP, openDemocracy (February 19, 2015), available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/michael-broache/beyond-deterrence-icc-effect-in-drc.
 - Michael Broache, Beyond Deterrence: The ICC Effect in the OTP, openDemocracy (Feb. 19, 2015), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Michael Broache, 
 	
 		Beyond Deterrence: The 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		Effect in the 
 		<abbr title="Office of the Prosecutor">
 			OTP</abbr>, 
 	
 		<a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/">
 			openDemocracy</a> 
 		(Feb. 19, 2015), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/michael-broache/beyond-deterrence-icc-effect-in-drc">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- Michael Broache, Beyond Deterrence: The ICC Effect in the OTP, openDemocracy (February 19, 2015), available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/michael-broache/beyond-deterrence-icc-effect-in-drc.
2. Cite to Twitter; Author; Date; Title
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When citing a tweet, author’s full name is followed by their Twitter handle in parentheses.
 - Tweets do not have titles.
 - Add the time to the date preceded by a comma and followed by AM or PM; if known, use the timezone of the author although the timezone does not need to be indicated.
 - Patrick Leahy (@SenatorLeahy), Twitter (September 2, 2020, 2:18 PM), available at https://twitter.com/SenatorLeahy/status/1301222882433998848.
 - Patrick Leahy (@SenatorLeahy), Twitter (Sep. 2, 2020, 2:18 PM), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Patrick Leahy
 	(@SenatorLeahy), 
 	
 		<a href="https://twitter.com/">
 			Twitter</a>
 		(Sep. 2, 2020, 2:18 PM), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://twitter.com/SenatorLeahy/status/1301222882433998848">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - Patrick Leahy (@SenatorLeahy), Twitter (September 2, 2020, 2:18 PM), available at https://twitter.com/SenatorLeahy/status/1301222882433998848.
 3. Webpage; Author; No Date; Last Visited
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Frank Newport, Presidential Election 2016: Key Indicators, Gallup, available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/189299/presidential-election-2016-key-indicators.aspx (last visited July 3, 2017).
 - Frank Newport, Presidential Election 2016: Key Indicators, Gallup, available online (last visited Jul. 3, 2017).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Frank Newport, 
 	
 		Presidential Election 2016: Key Indicators, 
 	
 		<a href="http://www.gallup.com/">
 			Gallup,</a> 
 	
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/189299/presidential-election-2016-key-indicators.aspx">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Jul. 3, 2017). 
 
```
- Frank Newport, Presidential Election 2016: Key Indicators, Gallup, available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/189299/presidential-election-2016-key-indicators.aspx (last visited July 3, 2017).
- Without Author
 1. Webpage; No Author; No Date; Last Visited; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Last visited is required for a web page with no date.
 - Victims, International Criminal Court, [hereinafter Victims], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/victims (last visited July 1, 2017).
 - Victims, ICC, [hereinafter Victims], available online (last visited July 1, 2017).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Victims, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>, 
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Victims],
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/victims">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited July 1, 2017). 
 	
 
```
- Victims, International Criminal Court, [hereinafter Victims], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/victims (last visited July 1, 2017).
2. Webpage; No Author; No Date; Last Visited
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Last visited is required for a web page with no date.
 - Resource Center on Complementarity Monitoring, International Nuremberg Principles Academy, available at https://www.nurembergacademy.org/projects/detail/resource-center-on-complementarity-monitoring-13/ (last visited June 25, 2017).
 - Resource Center on Complementarity Monitoring, Int’l Nuremberg Principles Acad., available online (last visited Jun. 25, 2017).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Resource Center on Complementarity Monitoring, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Nuremberg Principles Academy">
 			<a href="https://www.nurembergacademy.org/">
 				Int’l Nuremberg Principles Acad.,</a> 
 		</abbr>
 	
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.nurembergacademy.org/projects/detail/resource-center-on-complementarity-monitoring-13/">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Jun. 25, 2017). 
 
```
 - Resource Center on Complementarity Monitoring, International Nuremberg Principles Academy, available at https://www.nurembergacademy.org/projects/detail/resource-center-on-complementarity-monitoring-13/ (last visited June 25, 2017).
 3. Webpage; No Author; No Date; Last Visited
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - About, Transitional Justice Research Collaborative, available at http://transitionaljusticedata.com/about (last visited December 6, 2016).
 - About, Transitional Just. Research Collaborative, available online (last visited Dec. 6, 2016).
 - ```
 
 	
 		About, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Transitional Justice Research Collaborative">
 			<a href="http://transitionaljusticedata.com/">
 				Transitional Just. Research Collaborative,</a></abbr>
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://transitionaljusticedata.com/about">
 			online</a>
 	
 		(last visited Dec. 6, 2016). 
 
```
- About, Transitional Justice Research Collaborative, available at http://transitionaljusticedata.com/about (last visited December 6, 2016).
4. Website as a Whole; No Author; No Date; Last Visited
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Coalition for the International Criminal Court, available at http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/ (last visited December 12, 2016).
 - Coalition for the International Criminal Court, available online (last visited Dec. 12, 2016).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Coalition for the International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Dec. 12, 2016). 
 
```
 - Coalition for the International Criminal Court, available at http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/ (last visited December 12, 2016).
 5. Webpage; No Date; No Author; Last Visited
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Data Collection Strategies II: Qualitative Research, California State University Long Beach, available at https://web.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa696/696quali.htm (last visited July 1, 2017).
 - Data Collection Strategies II: Qualitative Research, Cal. St. U. Long Beach, available online (last visited Jul. 1, 2017).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Data Collection Strategies II: Qualitative Research, 
 	<abbr title="California State University Long Beach">
 		<a href="https://web.csulb.edu/">
 			Cal. St. U. Long Beach,</a> 
 	</abbr>
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://web.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa696/696quali.htm">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Jul. 1, 2017). 
 
```
- Data Collection Strategies II: Qualitative Research, California State University Long Beach, available at https://web.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa696/696quali.htm (last visited July 1, 2017).
6. Webpage; No Author; Date; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Last Visited reference not necessary for dated source.
 - Hereinafter uses a short form of the long title; the question mark following the short title helps preserve the intention of the full title.
 - Even though the title ends in terminal punctuation — here a question mark — the title is followed by a comma.
 - Omit a preceding comma when hereinafter brackets follow a closing parenthesis.
 - Is Enough Being Done to Protect ICC Witnesses?, Global Justice (May 18, 2015) [hereinafter Enough Being Done?], available at https://ciccglobaljustice.wordpress.com/2015/05/18/is-enough-being-done-to-protect-icc-witnesses/.
 - Is Enough Being Done to Protect ICC Witnesses?, Global Just. (May 18, 2015) [hereinafter Enough Being Done?], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Is Enough Being Done to Protect 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		Witnesses?, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Global Justice">
 			<a href="https://ciccglobaljustice.wordpress.com/">
 				Global Just.</a> 
 		</abbr>
 		(May 18, 2015) [hereinafter 
 	
 		Enough Being Done?], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://ciccglobaljustice.wordpress.com/2015/05/18/is-enough-being-done-to-protect-icc-witnesses/">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - Is Enough Being Done to Protect ICC Witnesses?, Global Justice (May 18, 2015) [hereinafter Enough Being Done?], available at https://ciccglobaljustice.wordpress.com/2015/05/18/is-enough-being-done-to-protect-icc-witnesses/.
 7. Webpage; Article in Online Encyclopædia; No Author; No Date; Last Visited
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - International Criminal Court, Encyclopædia Britannica, available at https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Criminal-Court (last visited December 13, 2016).
 - International Criminal Court, Encyclo. Britannica, available online (last visited Dec. 13, 2016).
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Criminal Court, 
 	<abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">
 		<a href="https://www.britannica.com/">
 			Encyclo. Britannica,</a> 
 	</abbr>
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Criminal-Court">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Dec. 13, 2016). 
 
```
- International Criminal Court, Encyclopædia Britannica, available at https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Criminal-Court (last visited December 13, 2016).
- Online Videos
 1. YouTube; Speaker’s Series; Author; Titles; Date; Video
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - In this example, the title is reworked. “Avi Rubin” is removed from the title and listed as the author/speaker. The rest of the title is transformed to title case.
 - The publisher is “TED-Ed on YouTube” and the publisher link is to the TED-Ed YouTube channel.
 - Avi Rubin, All Your Devices Can Be Hacked, TED-Ed on YouTube (Jun. 12, 2013), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHHCvcCUOWU.
 - Avi Rubin, All Your Devices Can Be Hacked, TED-Ed on YouTube (Jun. 12, 2013), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Avi Rubin, 
 	
 		All Your Devices Can Be Hacked, 
 	
 		<a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsooa4yRKGN_zEE8iknghZA">
 			TED-Ed on YouTube</a> 
 		(Jun. 12, 2013), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHHCvcCUOWU">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- Avi Rubin, All Your Devices Can Be Hacked, TED-Ed on YouTube (Jun. 12, 2013), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHHCvcCUOWU.
2. Vimeo; Author; Date; Pincite to Time; Video
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Benjy Steinberg, Restore the Villages: Remediating Gender Violence in Eastern Congo, Vimeo, at 5:40 (September 21, 2014), available at https://vimeo.com/111178362.
 - Benjy Steinberg, Restore the Villages: Remediating Gender Violence in Eastern Congo, Vimeo, at 5:40 (Sep. 21, 2014), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Benjy Steinberg, 
 	
 		Restore the Villages: Remediating Gender Violence in Eastern Congo,
 
 	
 		<a href="https://vimeo.com/">
 			Vimeo,</a> 
 	 at 5:40
 	(Sep. 21, 2014), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://vimeo.com/111178362">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - Benjy Steinberg, Restore the Villages: Remediating Gender Violence in Eastern Congo, Vimeo, at 5:40 (September 21, 2014), available at https://vimeo.com/111178362.
 3. YouTube; Press Conference; Video
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Press Conference, Michael Masutha, South African Minister of Justice and Correctional Services, Briefing on South Africa’s Withdrawal from the ICC, YouTube (October 21, 2016), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4OhqA6SaZw.
 - Press Conference, Michael Masutha, South African Minister of Justice and Correctional Services, Briefing on South Africa’s Withdrawal from the ICC, YouTube (Oct. 21, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Press Conference, 
 	
 		Michael Masutha, South African Minister of Justice and Correctional Services, 
 	
 		Briefing on South Africa’s Withdrawal from the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC, 
 		</abbr>
 	
 	<a href="http://youtube.com/">
 		YouTube</a> 
 	(Oct. 21, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4OhqA6SaZw">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- Press Conference, Michael Masutha, South African Minister of Justice and Correctional Services, Briefing on South Africa’s Withdrawal from the ICC, YouTube (October 21, 2016), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4OhqA6SaZw.

Treaties

Generally
- - Notes
  - - Special shortcodes can be used for some treaties, including the Rome Statute and the Genocide Convention. See Shortcode and the list below.

Shortcodes

Rome Statute; Shortcode; Pincite

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Rome Statute is expanded to a full citation during Coding.
- Cites to articles are wrapped with special hover boxes that display the text of the article.
Rome Statute, Art. 71.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Adopted by the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Jul. 17, 1998, UN Doc. A/CONF.183/9 [hereinafter Rome Statute], Art. 71, available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		<a href="/rome-statute">
			Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,</a>
	</span>
	Adopted by the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 
	<span class="date">
		Jul. 17, 1998</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		<abbr title="United Nations">
			UN 
		</abbr>
		Doc. A/CONF.183/9 
	</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		<cite>
			Rome Statute</cite></span>], 
	<a href="/rome-statute#Article71" rel="/sites/default/files/fragments/rome_statute/article_71.html" title="Rome Statute &amp;mdash; Article 71">
		Art. 71,</a>
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="/rome-statute">
			online</a>. 
	</span>
</p>

Rome Statute, Art. 71.

Genocide Convention; Shortcode; Pincite

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Genocide Convention is expanded to a full citation during Coding.
- Cites to articles are wrapped with special hover boxes that display the text of the article.
Genocide Convention, Art. II
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, art. II, Dec. 9 1948, S. Exec. Doc. O, 81-1 (1949), 78 U.N.T.S. 277 [hereinafter Genocide Convention], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		<a href="/genocide-convention">
			Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,</a>
	</span>
	<a href="/genocide-convention#Article2" title="Genocide Convention &mdash; Article 2">
		art. II,</a>
	<span class="citation">
		<span class="date">
			Dec. 9 1948</span>, S. Exec. Doc. O, 81-1 (<span class="date">1949</span>), 78 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/AdvanceSearch.aspx?tab=UNTS&amp;clang=_en">
				U.N.T.S.</a> 
		</abbr>
		277 
	</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		<cite>
			Genocide Convention</cite></span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="/genocide-convention">
			online.</a>
	</span>
</p>

Genocide Convention, Art. II

United Nations Charter; Shortcode; Hereinafter; No Date; Entities; Pincite
- Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
- - Use shortcode U.N. Charter when citing to the Charter.
 - If citing to the U.N. Charter as a whole, then use this url. The Charter is divided into Chapter web pages containing the Articles. Cite to the url for the relevant Chapter.
 - No date is necessary when citing to the U.N. Charter.
- U.N. Charter, Art. 1 para. 2.
- United Nations Charter, Art. 1 ¶ 2, [hereinafter U.N. Charter], available online.
- ```

	
		<cite>
			United Nations Charter</cite>, Art. 1 ¶ 2, [hereinafter 
	
		<abbr title="United Nations">
			U.N.</abbr>
		Charter], 
	
		available 
		<a href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html">
			online.</a>

```
- U.N. Charter, Art. 1 para. 2.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; Shortcode; Pincite

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Vienna Convention on Treaties is expanded to a full citation during Coding.
Vienna Convention on Treaties, art. 31.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art. 31, May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331, available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		art. 31, 
		<span class="date">
			May 23, 1969</span>, 1155 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1">
				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
		331</span>, 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a class="pdf" href="/media/background/darfur/1969-05-23_Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

Vienna Convention on Treaties, art. 31.

ICJ Statute; Shortcode; Hereinafter

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to ICJ Statute is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. ICJ Statute, art. 36
ICJ Statute, art. 36.
Statute of the International Court of Justice, art. 36, 59 Stat. 103 (Jun. 26, 1945) [hereinafter ICJ Statute], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		<cite>
			Statute of the International Court of Justice</cite></span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		art. 36, 59 Stat. 103 (<span class="date">Jun. 26, 1945</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		<abbr title="International Court of Justice">
			ICJ</abbr>
		Statute</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/sicj/icj_statute_e.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

ICJ Statute, art. 36.

ICTY Statute; Shortcode; Hereinafter; Abbreviations

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to ICTY Statute is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. ICTY Statute, art. 5
ICTY Statute
Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, U.N.S.C. Res. 827 (adopted May 25, 1993, as last amended Jul. 7, 2009) [hereinafter ICTY Statute], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		<abbr title="United Nations Security Council">U.N.S.C.</abbr> Res. 827 (adopted <span class="date">May 25, 1993</span>, as last amended Jul. 7, 2009)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		<cite>
			<abbr title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">
				ICTY</abbr>
			Statute</cite></span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

ICTY Statute

ICTR Statute; Shortcode

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to ICTR Statute is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. ICTR Statute, art. 1
ICTR Statute, art. 1
Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, U.N.S.C. Res. 955, Art. 1 (Nov. 8, 1994) [hereinafter ICTR Statute], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		<abbr title="United Nations Security Council">
			U.N.S.C.</abbr>
		Res. 955, Art. 1 (<span class="date">Nov. 8, 1994</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		<cite>
			<abbr title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">
				ICTR</abbr>
			Statute</cite></span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="http://unictr.irmct.org/sites/unictr.org/files/legal-library/941108_res955_en.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

ICTR Statute, art. 1

SCSL Statute; Shortcode

You Write

Result

Code
SCSL Statute, articles 1, 6.
United Nations Security Council, Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Arts. 1, 6 (Jan. 16, 2002) [hereinafter SCSL Statute], available online.

<p>
	<span class="author">
		United Nations Security Council</span>, 
	<span class="title">
		Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		Arts. 1, 6 (<span class="date">Jan. 16, 2002</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		<abbr title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">
			SCSL</abbr>
		Statute</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://www.rscsl.org/Documents/scsl-statute.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

SCSL Statute, articles 1, 6.

First Geneva Convention; Shortcode

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to First Geneva Convention is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. First Geneva Convention, art. 1
First Geneva Convention
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 75 U.N.T.S. 31 (adopted Aug. 12, 1949, entered into force Oct. 12, 1950) [hereinafter First Geneva Convention], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		75 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/">
				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
		31 (adopted 
		<span class="date">
			Aug. 12, 1949</span>, entered into force 
		<span class="date">
			Oct. 12, 1950</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		First Geneva Convention</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/365-GC-I-EN.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

First Geneva Convention

Second Geneva Convention; Shortcode

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Second Geneva Convention is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. Second Geneva Convention, art. 1
Second Geneva Convention
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 75 U.N.T.S. 85 (adopted Aug. 12, 1949, entered into force Oct. 12, 1950) [hereinafter Second Geneva Convention], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		75 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/">
				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
		85 (adopted 
		<span class="date">
			Aug. 12, 1949</span>, entered into force 
		<span class="date">
			Oct. 12, 1950</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		Second Geneva Convention</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/370-GC-II-EN.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

Second Geneva Convention

Third Geneva Convention; Shortcode

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Third Geneva Convention is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. Third Geneva Convention, art. 1
Third Geneva Convention
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 135 (adopted Aug. 12, 1949, entered into force Oct. 12, 1950) [hereinafter Third Geneva Convention], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		75 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/">
				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
		135 (adopted 
		<span class="date">
			Aug. 12, 1949</span>, entered into force 
		<span class="date">
			Oct. 12, 1950</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		Third Geneva Convention</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/375-GC-III-EN.002.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

Third Geneva Convention

Fourth Geneva Convention; Shortcode

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Fourth Geneva Convention is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. Fourth Geneva Convention, art. 1
Fourth Geneva Convention
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 287 (adopted Aug. 12, 1949, entered into force Oct. 12, 1950) [hereinafter Fourth Geneva Convention], available online.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		75 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/">
				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
		287 (adopted 
		<span class="date">
			Aug. 12, 1949</span>, entered into force 
		<span class="date">
			Oct. 12, 1950</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		Fourth Geneva Convention</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/380-GC-IV-EN.pdf">
			online.</a></span>
</p>

Fourth Geneva Convention

Additional Protocol I; Shortcode

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Additional Protocol I is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. Additional Protocol I, art. 1
Additional Protocol I
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 (Jun. 8, 1977) [hereinafter Additional Protocol I], available online, archived.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		1125 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/">
				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
		3 (<span class="date">Jun. 8, 1977</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		Additional Protocol I</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201125/volume-1125-i-17512-english.pdf">
			online,</a>
		<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf">
			archived.</a></span>
</p>

Additional Protocol I

Additional Protocol II; Shortcode

Notes

You Write

Result

Code
- A citation to Additional Protocol II is expanded to a full citation during Coding. Add a pincite if desired, e.g. Additional Protocol II, art. 1
Additional Protocol II
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 1125 U.N.T.S. 609 (Jun. 8, 1977) [hereinafter Additional Protocol II], available online, archived.

<p>
	<span class="title">
		Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts</span>, 
	<span class="citation">
		1125 
		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/">
				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
		609 (<span class="date">Jun. 8, 1977</span>)</span>
	[hereinafter 
	<span class="alttitle">
		Additional Protocol II</span>], 
	<span class="available">
		available 
		<a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.34_AP-I-EN.pdf">
			online,</a>
		<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/475-AP-II-EN.pdf">
			archived.</a></span>
</p>

Additional Protocol II

Others
1. Treaty; Date enacted and date entered into force; Abbreviations
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The abbreviation U.N. is preferred over UN. U.N.T.S should always have the periods.
 - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), 999 United Nations Treaty Series 171 (December 19, 1966, entered into force March 23, 1976), available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf.
 - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 19, 1966, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 
 	
 		<abbr title="General Assembly Resolution">
 			G.A. Res.</abbr>
 		2200A (XXI), 999 
 		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
 			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1">
 				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
 		 171 (Dec. 19, 1966, entered into force 
 		
 			Mar. 23, 1976), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), 999 United Nations Treaty Series 171 (December 19, 1966, entered into force March 23, 1976), available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf.
2. Malabo Protocol in String Cite; Remark; Multiple Authors; Book—Collection; Hereinafter; Paywall
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - If a single footnote contains multiple citations where each is followed by a remark, chain them with semicolons. Each remark should follow the citation to which it refers.
 - A Remark is enclosed in parenthesis and begins with a lowercase present participial with terminal punctuation for the preceding phrase.
 - As Kamari Clarke is an ICC Forum invited expert, her name is linked to her ICC Forum profile page during Coding.
 - Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, Article 16 (2014) [hereinafter Malabo Protocol], available at https://au.int/foobar/human_rights_e.pdf [REMARK] (adopting an amendment protocol on June 27, 2014 by the The African Union Assembly to forge ahead with the establishment of an international criminal section in the proposed African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights); see also [BOOK] Abel S. Knottnerus & Eefje de Volder, International Criminal Justice and the Early Formation of an African Criminal Court, in Africa and the ICC: Perceptions of Justice 376, 378–83 (Kamari M. Clarke, Abel S. Knottnerus & Eefje de Volder eds., 2016), available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/foobar/B5108778417 [PAYWALL] [REMARK] (discussing the background and implications of the creation of the Malabo Protocol).
 - Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, Art. 16 (Jun. 27, 2014) [hereinafter Malabo Protocol], available online
 
 (adopting an amendment protocol on June 27, 2014 by the The African Union Assembly to forge ahead with the establishment of an international criminal section in the proposed African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights);
 
 see also Abel S. Knottnerus & Eefje de Volder, International Criminal Justice and the Early Formation of an African Criminal Court, in Africa and the ICC: Perceptions of Justice 376, 378–83 (Kamari M. Clarke, Abel S. Knottnerus & Eefje de Volder eds., 2016), paywall
 
 (discussing the background and implications of the creation of the Malabo Protocol).
 - ```
 
 	
 		Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, Art. 16 
 	
 		(Jun. 27, 2014) 
 	
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Malabo Protocol], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/7804-treaty-0045_-_protocol_on_amendments_to_the_protocol_on_the_statute_of_the_african_court_of_justice_and_human_rights_e.pdf">
 			online</a>
 	
 
 
 	(adopting an amendment protocol on June 27, 2014 by the The African Union Assembly to forge ahead with the establishment of an international criminal section in the proposed African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples&rsquo; Rights); 
 
 
 	
 		see also 
 	
 	
 		Abel S. Knottnerus 
 	
 	&amp; 
 	
 		Eefje de Volder, 
 	
 		International Criminal Justice and the Early Formation of an African Criminal Court, 
 	
 		in 
 	
 	
 		Africa and the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>: Perceptions of Justice 
 	
 	
 		376, 378&ndash;83 (<a href="/users/clarke">Kamari M. Clarke,</a>
 		
 		
 			Abel S. Knottnerus 
 		
 		&amp; 
 		
 			Eefje de Volder 
 		
 		eds., 
 		
 			2016), 
 	
 		<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/africa-and-the-icc/international-criminal-justice-and-the-early-formation-of-an-african-criminal-court/4AF5D030523C02CCD96C2B5108778417">
 			paywall</a>
 	
 
 
 	(discussing the background and implications of the creation of the Malabo Protocol).
 
```
- Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, Article 16 (2014) [hereinafter Malabo Protocol], available at https://au.int/foobar/human_rights_e.pdf [REMARK] (adopting an amendment protocol on June 27, 2014 by the The African Union Assembly to forge ahead with the establishment of an international criminal section in the proposed African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights); see also [BOOK] Abel S. Knottnerus & Eefje de Volder, International Criminal Justice and the Early Formation of an African Criminal Court, in Africa and the ICC: Perceptions of Justice 376, 378–83 (Kamari M. Clarke, Abel S. Knottnerus & Eefje de Volder eds., 2016), available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/foobar/B5108778417 [PAYWALL] [REMARK] (discussing the background and implications of the creation of the Malabo Protocol).

ICC and ASP
- Generally
 - - Notes
 - - The titles of ICC reports are not rendered in small caps.
- Court Documents
 1. ICC Court Document; Docket Number; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - For ICC cases, just before the date, indicate the chamber — ICC Pre-Trial Chamber, ICC Trial Chamber, ICC Appeals Chamber — together with the roman numeral of the chamber.
 - European date forms, where the day precedes the month, are permitted in titles that use them.
 - The title is the case heading, not the long description of the document.
 - Citation to the Case Number immediately follows the title. Don’t use the words “Case No.”
 - Omit a preceding comma when hereinafter brackets follow a closing parenthesis.
 - The long description of the document should be kept in the case of the original.
 - Use “The Prosecutor” rather than “In the Case of The Prosecutor”
 - It is “The Prosecutor”, not “Prosecutor” in the case title.
 - The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ICC-01/04–02/06, Joint Submissions in Accordance with the “Order Scheduling a Status Conference and Setting a Provisional Agenda” Issued on 21 July 2014 (ICC Trial Chamber VI, August 14, 2014) [hereinafter Joint Submissions], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2014_07077.PDF.
 - The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ICC-01/04–02/06, Joint Submissions in Accordance with the “Order Scheduling a Status Conference and Setting a Provisional Agenda” Issued on 21 July 2014 (ICC TC VI, Aug. 14, 2014) [hereinafter Joint Submissions], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda</cite>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-01/04–02/06, Joint Submissions in Accordance with the “Order Scheduling a Status Conference and Setting a Provisional Agenda” Issued on 21 July 2014 
 	
 		(<<abbr title="International Criminal Court">ICC</abbr> abbr title="Trial Chamber">TC</abbr> VI, Aug. 14, 2014)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Joint Submissions], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a class="pdf" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2014_07077.PDF">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ICC-01/04–02/06, Joint Submissions in Accordance with the “Order Scheduling a Status Conference and Setting a Provisional Agenda” Issued on 21 July 2014 (ICC Trial Chamber VI, August 14, 2014) [hereinafter Joint Submissions], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2014_07077.PDF.
2. ICC Court Document; Docket Number; Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - For ICC cases, just before the date, indicate the chamber — ICC Pre-Trial Chamber, ICC Trial Chamber, ICC Appeals Chamber — together with the roman numeral of the chamber.
 - Use “The Prosecutor” rather than “In the Case of The Prosecutor”
 - It is “The Prosecutor”, not “Prosecutor” in the case title.
 - Cite tags will be wrapped around the case title during Coding.
 - Pincite here is to a paragraph number rather than a page, since the original paragraphs are numbered.
 - The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ICC-01/11–01/11 OA 6, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Abdullah Al-Senussi against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11 October 2013 entitled “Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi,” para. 94 (ICC Appeals Chamber, July 24, 2014), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2014_06755.PDF.
 - The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ICC-01/11–01/11 OA 6, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Abdullah Al-Senussi against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11 October 2013 entitled “Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi,” ¶ 94 (ICC AC, Jul. 24, 2014), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi</cite>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-01/11–01/11 OA 6, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Abdullah Al-Senussi against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11 October 2013 entitled “Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi,” 
 	
 		¶ 94 (<abbr title="International Criminal Court">ICC</abbr> <abbr title="Appeals Chamber">AC</abbr>, Jul. 24, 2014), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2014_06755.PDF">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ICC-01/11–01/11 OA 6, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Abdullah Al-Senussi against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11 October 2013 entitled “Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi,” para. 94 (ICC Appeals Chamber, July 24, 2014), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2014_06755.PDF.
 3. ICC Court Document; Appeals Chamber; No Named Defendants; Docket Number
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Usually, titles are rendered in title case. However, the title here is “Situation in the …” and not the Court’s title, which should be left as is.
 - Appeals Chamber needs to be part of the citation. That’s true for “Pre-Trial Chamber I”, “Trial Chamber”, “Referral Bench” and other court identifiers.
 - Usually, the title would be something like “The Prosecutor v. …” but there are no named defendants in this action.
 - Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, ICC-02/17-138 OA4, Judgment on the appeal against the decision on the authorization of an investigation into the situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (ICC Appeals Chamber, Mar. 5, 2020), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2020_00828.PDF.
 - Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, ICC-02/17-138 OA4, Judgment on the appeal against the decision on the authorization of an investigation into the situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (ICC AC, Mar. 5, 2020), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</cite>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-02/17-138 OA4, Judgment on the appeal against the decision on the authorization of an investigation into the situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 
 	
 		(<abbr title="International Criminal Court">ICC</abbr> <abbr title="Appeals Chamber">AC</abbr>, 
 		
 			Mar. 5, 2020), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2020_00828.PDF">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, ICC-02/17-138 OA4, Judgment on the appeal against the decision on the authorization of an investigation into the situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (ICC Appeals Chamber, Mar. 5, 2020), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2020_00828.PDF.
4. ICC Court Document; Docket Number; Hereinafter; Pincite; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - For ICC cases, just before the date, indicate the chamber — ICC Pre-Trial Chamber, ICC Trial Chamber, ICC Appeals Chamber — together with the roman numeral of the chamber.
 - Cite tags will be wrapped around the case title during Coding.
 - Hereinafter uses a short form of the title.
 - “hereinafter” references come after the date and before the link to the available URL.
 - Omit a preceding comma when hereinafter brackets follow a closing parenthesis.
 - Since URL ends in “.pdf”, no need for a [PDF] Coding Marker.
 - Pincite here is to a paragraph number rather than a page, since the original paragraphs are numbered.
 - Situation in the State of Palestine, ICC-01/18-143-Anx1, Judge Péter Kovács’ Partly Dissenting Opinion, para. 218 (ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, February 5, 2021) [hereinafter Kovács Dissent], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RelatedRecords/CR2021_01167.PDF.
 - Situation in the State of Palestine, ICC-01/18-143-Anx1, Judge Péter Kovács’ Partly Dissenting Opinion, ¶ 218 (ICC PTC I, Feb. 5, 2021) [hereinafter Kovács Dissent], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			Situation in the State of Palestine</cite>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-01/18-143-Anx1, Judge Péter Kovács’ Partly Dissenting Opinion, 
 	
 		¶ 218 (<abbr title="International Criminal Court">ICC</abbr> <abbr title="Pre-Trial Chamber I">PTC I</abbr>, 
 		
 			Feb. 5, 2021)
 	[hereinafter Kovács Dissent], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RelatedRecords/CR2021_01167.PDF">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - Situation in the State of Palestine, ICC-01/18-143-Anx1, Judge Péter Kovács’ Partly Dissenting Opinion, para. 218 (ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I, February 5, 2021) [hereinafter Kovács Dissent], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RelatedRecords/CR2021_01167.PDF.
- Case Information
 1. ICC Case Information Sheet; Date is Last Update; Docket Number; Last Visited
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - International Criminal Court, Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, ICC-02/04-01/15 (January 2017), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/uganda/ongwen/Documents/OngwenEng.pdf (last visited July 15, 2017).
 - International Criminal Court, Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, ICC-02/04-01/15 (Jan. 2017), available online (last visited Jul. 15, 2017).
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		Case Information Sheet: 
 		<cite>
 			The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen</cite>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-02/04-01/15 (Jan. 2017), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/uganda/ongwen/Documents/OngwenEng.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Jul. 15, 2017). 
 
```
- International Criminal Court, Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, ICC-02/04-01/15 (January 2017), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/uganda/ongwen/Documents/OngwenEng.pdf (last visited July 15, 2017).
2. ICC Case Information Sheet; Date is Last Update; Docket Number; Entities; Last Visited
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - International Criminal Court, Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, ICC-02/11-01/15 (January 2016), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/cdi/gbagbo-goude/Documents/LaurentGbagboandBleGoudeEng.pdf (last visited July 15, 2017).
 - International Criminal Court, Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, ICC-02/11-01/15 (Jan. 2016), available online (last visited Jul. 15, 2017).
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		Case Information Sheet: 
 		<cite>
 			The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé</cite>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-02/11-01/15 (Jan. 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/cdi/gbagbo-goude/Documents/LaurentGbagboandBleGoudeEng.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Jul. 15, 2017). 
 
```
 - International Criminal Court, Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, ICC-02/11-01/15 (January 2016), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/cdi/gbagbo-goude/Documents/LaurentGbagboandBleGoudeEng.pdf (last visited July 15, 2017).
- ICC Reports
 1. ICC Report; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Omit a preceding comma when hereinafter brackets follow a closing parenthesis.
 - International Criminal Court, Second Court’s Report on the Development of Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court (November 11, 2016) [hereinafter Second Report], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/ICC-Second-Court_report-on-indicators.pdf.
 - International Criminal Court, Second Court’s Report on the Development of Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court (Nov. 11, 2016) [hereinafter Second Report], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Criminal Court,
 	
 	
 		Second Court’s Report on the Development of Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court 
 	
 	(Nov. 11, 2016) [hereinafter 
 	
 		Second Report], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/ICC-Second-Court_report-on-indicators.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- International Criminal Court, Second Court’s Report on the Development of Performance Indicators for the International Criminal Court (November 11, 2016) [hereinafter Second Report], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/ICC-Second-Court_report-on-indicators.pdf.
2. Institutional Author; Title; Report
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - ICC Reports do not render the title in small caps.
 - [REPORT] Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2016 (November 14, 2016), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf.
 - Office of the Prosecutor, ICC, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2016 (Nov. 14, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Office of the Prosecutor, <abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>, 
 	
 		Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2016 
 	
 	
 		(Nov. 14, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - [REPORT] Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2016 (November 14, 2016), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf.
 3. Institutional Author; Docket Number; Signal
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - See, e.g., Assembly of States Parties, Report of the Court on Cooperation, ICC-ASP/15/9 (October 11, 2016), available at https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP15/ICC-ASP-15-9-ENG.pdf.
 - See, e.g., Assembly of States Parties, Report of the Court on Cooperation, ICC-ASP/15/9 (Oct. 11, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See, e.g., 
 	
 		Assembly of States Parties, 
 	
 		Report of the Court on Cooperation, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-<abbr title="Assembly of States Parties">ASP</abbr>/15/9 (Oct. 11, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP15/ICC-ASP-15-9-ENG.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- See, e.g., Assembly of States Parties, Report of the Court on Cooperation, ICC-ASP/15/9 (October 11, 2016), available at https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP15/ICC-ASP-15-9-ENG.pdf.
4. Institutional Author; Docket Number; Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The source uses paragraph numbers, so the pincite is to that.
 - A space follows the ¶ marker; the symbol ¶ will be substituted for the word “para.” in a citation.
 - Assembly of States Parties, Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties, ICC-ASP/13/Res.5, at Annex I, para. 7(b) (December 17, 2014), available at https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/ASP13/ICC-ASP-13-Res5-ENG.pdf.
 - Assembly of States Parties, Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties, ICC-ASP/13/Res.5, at Annex I, ¶ 7(b) (Dec. 17, 2014), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Assembly of States Parties, 
 	
 		Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-<abbr title="Assembly of States Parties">ASP</abbr>/13/Res.5, at Annex I, ¶ 7(b) (Dec. 17, 2014), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/ASP13/ICC-ASP-13-Res5-ENG.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
 - Assembly of States Parties, Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties, ICC-ASP/13/Res.5, at Annex I, para. 7(b) (December 17, 2014), available at https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/ASP13/ICC-ASP-13-Res5-ENG.pdf.
- ICC Other Documents
 1. U.N. Relationship Agreement with ICC; Hereinafter; Archived
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations, 2283 United Nations Treaty Series 195 (entered into force Oct. 4, 2004) [hereinafter Relationship Agreement], available at https://legal.un.org/ola/media/UN-ICC_Cooperation/UN-ICC%20Relationship%20Agreement.pdf, archived at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202283/v2283.pdf.
 - Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations, 2283 U.N.T.S. 195 (entered into force Oct. 4, 2004) [hereinafter Relationship Agreement], available online, archived.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations</cite>, 
 	
 		2283 
 		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
 			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1">
 				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
 		195 (entered into force 
 		
 			Oct. 4, 2004)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Relationship Agreement], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://legal.un.org/ola/media/UN-ICC_Cooperation/UN-ICC%20Relationship%20Agreement.pdf">
 			online,</a>
 		<a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202283/v2283.pdf">
 			archived.</a>
 
```
- Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations, 2283 United Nations Treaty Series 195 (entered into force Oct. 4, 2004) [hereinafter Relationship Agreement], available at https://legal.un.org/ola/media/UN-ICC_Cooperation/UN-ICC%20Relationship%20Agreement.pdf, archived at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202283/v2283.pdf.
2. Elements of Crimes; Docket Number; Institutional Author; Archived
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes, ICC-ASP/1/3, Adopted and Entry into Force 9 September 2002, updated at Kampala, 31 May-11 June 2010 (June 11, 2011) [hereinafter Elements of Crimes], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/Elements-of-Crimes.pdf, archived at https://iccforum.com/media/background/aggression/2011-06-11_ICC-Elements_of_Crimes.pdf.
 - International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes, ICC-ASP/1/3, Adopted and Entry into Force 9 September 2002, updated at Kampala, 31 May–11 June 2010 (Jun. 11, 2011), available online, archived.
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		Elements of Crimes, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-<abbr title="Assembly of States Parties">ASP</abbr>/1/3, Adopted and Entry into Force 9 September 2002, updated at Kampala, 31 May–11 June 2010 (Jun. 11, 2011), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/Elements-of-Crimes.pdf">
 			online,</a>
 		<a href="https://iccforum.com/media/background/aggression/2011-06-11_ICC-Elements_of_Crimes.pdf">
 			archived.</a>
 
```
 - International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes, ICC-ASP/1/3, Adopted and Entry into Force 9 September 2002, updated at Kampala, 31 May-11 June 2010 (June 11, 2011) [hereinafter Elements of Crimes], available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/Elements-of-Crimes.pdf, archived at https://iccforum.com/media/background/aggression/2011-06-11_ICC-Elements_of_Crimes.pdf.
 3. ASP Resolution; Docket Number; Institutional Author
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Assembly of States Parties, ICC, Resolution of the Assembly of States Parties on the Proposed Programme Budget for 2018, the Working Capital Fund for 2018, the Scale of Assessment for the Appointment of Expenses of the International Criminal Court, Financing Appropriations for 2018 and the Contingency Fund, ICC-ASP/16/Res.1 (December 14, 2017), available at https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/ASP16/ICC-ASP-16-Res1-ENG.pdf.
 - Assembly of States Parties, ICC, Resolution of the Assembly of States Parties on the Proposed Programme Budget for 2018, the Working Capital Fund for 2018, the Scale of Assessment for the Appointment of Expenses of the International Criminal Court, Financing Appropriations for 2018 and the Contingency Fund, ICC-ASP/16/Res.1 (Dec. 14, 2017), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Assembly of States Parties, 
 <abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 	ICC</abbr>, 
 
 	Resolution of the Assembly of States Parties on the Proposed Programme Budget for 2018, the Working Capital Fund for 2018, the Scale of Assessment for the Appointment of Expenses of the International Criminal Court, Financing Appropriations for 2018 and the Contingency Fund, 
 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC</abbr>-<abbr title="Assembly of States Parties">ASP</abbr>/16/Res.1 (Dec. 14, 2017), 
 
 	available 
 	<a class="pdf" href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/ASP16/ICC-ASP-16-Res1-ENG.pdf">
 		online.</a>
 
```
- Assembly of States Parties, ICC, Resolution of the Assembly of States Parties on the Proposed Programme Budget for 2018, the Working Capital Fund for 2018, the Scale of Assessment for the Appointment of Expenses of the International Criminal Court, Financing Appropriations for 2018 and the Contingency Fund, ICC-ASP/16/Res.1 (December 14, 2017), available at https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/ASP16/ICC-ASP-16-Res1-ENG.pdf.
4. ICC OTP Policy Paper; Institutional Author; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The author is the Office of the Prosecutor.
 - Since the URL ends with “.pdf”, no [PDF] Coding Marker is necessary.
 - Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations (November 2013), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Policy_Paper_Preliminary_Examinations_2013-ENG.pdf.
 - Office of the Prosecutor, ICC, Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations (Nov. 2013), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Office of the Prosecutor, 
 			ICC, 
 	
 		Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations 
 	
 	
 		(Nov. 2013), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Policy_Paper_Preliminary_Examinations_2013-ENG.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a>
 	
 
```
 - Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations (November 2013), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Policy_Paper_Preliminary_Examinations_2013-ENG.pdf.
 5. ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence (2013); Shortcode; Docket Number; Archived
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - A citation to 2013 RPE is expanded to a full citation during Coding.
 - 2013 RPE, Rule 48.
 - International Criminal Court, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-ASP/1/3, R. 48 (2013), available online, archived.
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>-<abbr title="Assembly of States Parties">ASP</abbr>/1/3, R. 48 (2013), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a class="pdf" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/legal-texts/RulesProcedureEvidenceEng.pdf">
 			online,</a> 
 		<a class="pdf" href="/media/background/general/2013_ICC_Rules_of_Procedure_and_Evidence_(English).pdf">
 			archived.</a> 
 	
 
```
- 2013 RPE, Rule 48.
6. ICC Document with Author; Docket Number; Signal; Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When an individual author is credited on behalf of an institution, use the individual author’s name followed by — in this case — the conference, prior to the title.
 - This is an ICC document that came from a particular conference: conference listed first followed by ICC document reference.
 - Recognized signal “See e.g.,” is italicized during Coding.
 - See e.g., David Tolbert, Review Conference of the Rome Statute, ICC Doc. RC/ST/PJ/M.6, Stocktaking: Peace and Justice, 8 (June 1, 2010), available at ttps://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/RC2010/Stocktaking/RC-ST-PJ-M.6-ENG.pdf.
 - See e.g., David Tolbert, Review Conference of the Rome Statute, ICC Doc. RC/ST/PJ/M.6, Stocktaking: Peace and Justice, 8 (Jun. 1, 2010), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See e.g., 
 	
 		David Tolbert, Review Conference of the 
 	<cite>
 		Rome Statute</cite>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>
 		Doc. RC/ST/PJ/M.6,
 	
 		Stocktaking: Peace and Justice, 
 	
 		8 (Jun. 1, 2010), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/RC2010/Stocktaking/RC-ST-PJ-M.6-ENG.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - See e.g., David Tolbert, Review Conference of the Rome Statute, ICC Doc. RC/ST/PJ/M.6, Stocktaking: Peace and Justice, 8 (June 1, 2010), available at ttps://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/RC2010/Stocktaking/RC-ST-PJ-M.6-ENG.pdf.
 7. ICC Press Release
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Press Release, ICC, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I Decides that the Al-Senussi Case is to Proceed in Libya and is Inadmissible Before the ICC (October 11, 2013), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr953.
 - Press Release, ICC, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I Decides that the Al-Senussi Case is to Proceed in Libya and is Inadmissible Before the ICC (Oct. 11, 2013), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Press Release, 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC</abbr>, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		Pre-Trial Chamber I Decides that the Al-Senussi Case is to Proceed in Libya and is Inadmissible Before the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 	
 	
 		(Oct. 11, 2013), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr953">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- Press Release, ICC, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I Decides that the Al-Senussi Case is to Proceed in Libya and is Inadmissible Before the ICC (October 11, 2013), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr953.
8. Official ICC Letter with Sender Only; Author’s Title; Constructed Title Where None Exists
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Title is constructed.
 - If true, the “To” portion could be added as “to Alberto R. Gonzales, United States Attorney General” after ICC Prosecutor.
 - Identify as ICC Prosecutor, not Chief Prosecutor or something else.
 - Letter from Luis Moreno-Ocampo, ICC Prosecutor, Regarding Situation in Iraq (February 9, 2006), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/04D143C8-19FB-466C-AB774CDB2FDEBEF7/143682/OTPletter_to_senders_re_Iraq_9_February_2006.pdf.
 - Letter from Luis Moreno-Ocampo, ICC Prosecutor, Regarding Situation in Iraq (Feb. 9, 2006), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Letter from 
 	
 		Luis Moreno-Ocampo, 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC</abbr>
 	Prosecutor, 
 	
 		Regarding Situation in Iraq
 	
 		(Feb. 9, 2006), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/04D143C8-19FB-466C-AB77-4CDB2FDEBEF7/143682/OTP_letter_to_senders_re_Iraq_9_February_2006.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - Letter from Luis Moreno-Ocampo, ICC Prosecutor, Regarding Situation in Iraq (February 9, 2006), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/04D143C8-19FB-466C-AB774CDB2FDEBEF7/143682/OTPletter_to_senders_re_Iraq_9_February_2006.pdf.
 9. ICC Written Statement; Author’s Title;
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - For a statement, the author’s position follows their name.
 - Fatou Bensouda, ICC, Statement on the Referral Submitted by Palestine (May 22, 2018), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180522-otp-stat.
 - Fatou Bensouda, ICC Prosecutor, Statement on the Referral Submitted by Palestine (May 22, 2018), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Fatou Bensouda, 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC 
 	</abbr>
 	Prosecutor, 
 	
 		Statement on the Referral Submitted by Palestine 
 	
 	
 		(May 22, 2018), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180522-otp-stat">
 			online.</a>
 	
 
```
- Fatou Bensouda, ICC, Statement on the Referral Submitted by Palestine (May 22, 2018), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180522-otp-stat.
10. ICC Webpage; Title; Remark; Last Visited; Signal; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - An exception to the normal rule of converting titles to mixed case for headline style is when the title refers to the main page of a website, as this one does. In this case, leave the title in the original source’s case.
 - A Remark is enclosed in parenthesis and begins with a lowercase present participial (here “showing”) without preceding punctuation.
 - See Situations under investigation, International Criminal Court, available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/situations.aspx (last visited November 15, 2016) [REMARK] (showing that the only non-African country that the ICC is currently investigating is Georgia).
 - See Situations under investigations, ICC, available online (last visited Nov. 15, 2016)
 
 (showing that the only non-African country that the ICC is currently investigating is Georgia).
 - ```
 
 	
 		See 
 	
 	
 		Situations under investigation, 
 	
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC, 
 		</abbr>
 	
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/situations.aspx">
 			online</a> 
 	
 	
 		(last visited Nov. 15, 2016) 
 
 
 	(showing that the only non-African country that the 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC 
 	</abbr>
 	is currently investigating is Georgia). 
 
```
 - See Situations under investigation, International Criminal Court, available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/situations.aspx (last visited November 15, 2016) [REMARK] (showing that the only non-African country that the ICC is currently investigating is Georgia).
U.N.
- Generally
 - - Notes
 - - Bluebook rule 21.7.3(a): “Reports from U.N. organs, committees, or the Secretariat should include the name of the body and the subcommittee, if any [...]; the title of the report; the pinpoint cite, if any; the document symbol; and the date. If a personal author is given along with the institutional author, the author should be included in a parenthetical at the end of the citation.”
 - The titles of U.N. reports are not rendered in small caps.
 - While Bluebook R 21.7.2 omits the titles of resolutions from both the General Assembly and the Security Council, the ICC Forum does not.
- U.N. Resolutions
 1. U.N. Resolution on Basic Principles; Shortcode; Hereinafter; Docket Number; Titles
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - A citation to 2005 Basic Principles is expanded to a full citation during Coding.
 - Retain the full title even though it is quite long and cumbersome.
 - 2005 Basic Principles
 - G.A. Res. 60/147, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/147, Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (Dec. 16, 2005) [hereinafter 2005 Basic Principles], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<abbr title="General Assembly Resolution">
 			G.A. Res.</abbr>
 		60/147, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations">
 			U.N.</abbr>
 		Doc. A/RES/60/147, 
 	
 		Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law
 	
 		(Dec. 16, 2005)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		2005 Basic Principles], available 
 	<a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/496/42/PDF/N0549642.pdf">
 		online.</a>
 
```
- 2005 Basic Principles
2. Treaty; Date enacted and date entered into force; Abbreviations
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The abbreviation U.N. is preferred over UN. U.N.T.S should always have the periods.
 - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), 999 United Nations Treaty Series 171 (December 19, 1966, entered into force March 23, 1976), available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf.
 - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (Dec. 19, 1966, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 
 	
 		<abbr title="General Assembly Resolution">
 			G.A. Res.</abbr>
 		2200A (XXI), 999 
 		<abbr title="United Nations Treaty Series">
 			<a href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/UNTSOnline.aspx?id=1">
 				U.N.T.S.</a></abbr>
 		 171 (Dec. 19, 1966, entered into force 
 		
 			Mar. 23, 1976), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), 999 United Nations Treaty Series 171 (December 19, 1966, entered into force March 23, 1976), available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf.
 3. U.N. General Assembly Resolution with Title
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - General Assembly Resolution is abbreviated, even at start of citation, as G.A. Res.
 - General Assembly Resolution 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, 2005 World Summit Outcome, para. 138 (Sep. 16, 2005) available at https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf.
 - G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, 2005 World Summit Outcome, ¶ 138 (Sep. 16, 2005), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<abbr title="General Assembly Resolution">
 			G.A. Res.</abbr>
 		60/1, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		A/Res/60/1, 
 	
 		2005 World Summit Outcome, 
 	
 		&para; 138 (Sep. 16, 2005), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- General Assembly Resolution 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, 2005 World Summit Outcome, para. 138 (Sep. 16, 2005) available at https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf.
4. U.N. General Assembly Resolution; Long Title
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - General Assembly Resolution 71/248, U.N. Doc. A/71/248, International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Persons Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011 (Dec. 16, 2016), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/462/01/PDF/N1646201.pdf.
 - G.A. Res. 71/248, U.N. Doc. A/71/248, International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Persons Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011 (Dec. 16, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<abbr title="General Assembly Resolution">
 			G.A. Res.</abbr>
 		71/248, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		A/71/248, 
 	
 		International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Persons Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011
 	
 		(Dec. 16, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/462/01/PDF/N1646201.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - General Assembly Resolution 71/248, U.N. Doc. A/71/248, International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Persons Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011 (Dec. 16, 2016), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/462/01/PDF/N1646201.pdf.
 5. U.N. Security Council Resolution; No Title
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Security Council Resolution is abbreviated, even at start of citation, as S.C. Res.
 - Security Council Resolution 2379, U.N. Doc. S/RES/2379 (Sep. 21, 2017), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/296/25/PDF/N1729625.pdf.
 - S.C. Res. 2379, U.N. Doc. S/RES/2379 (Sep. 21, 2017), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Security Council Resolution">
 			S.C. Res.</abbr>
 		2379, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		S/RES/2379 (Sep. 21, 2017), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/296/25/PDF/N1729625.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Security Council Resolution 2379, U.N. Doc. S/RES/2379 (Sep. 21, 2017), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/296/25/PDF/N1729625.pdf.
6. U.N. Human Rights Council Resolution
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - U.N. Human Rights Council Resolution is abbreviated, even at start of citation, as UNHRC Res.
 - Title is left in its original case; not reset in title case.
 - United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 39/2, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/39/2, Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar (Sep. 27, 2018), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/293/69/PDF/G1829369.pdf.
 - UNHRC Res. 39/2, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/39/2, Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar (Sep. 27, 2018), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution">
 			UNHRC Res.</abbr>
 		39/2, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		A/HRC/RES/39/2, 
 	
 		Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar
 	
 		(Sep. 27, 2018), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/293/69/PDF/G1829369.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 39/2, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/39/2, Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar (Sep. 27, 2018), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/293/69/PDF/G1829369.pdf.
 7. U.N. Commission on Human Rights; Institutional Author; Docket Number; PDF; Coding Marker; Abbreviations
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Resolution 2005/69, Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises (April 20, 2005), available at http://www.refworld.org/docid/45377c80c.html [PDF].
 - United Nations Commission on Human Rights, H.R. Res. 2005/69, Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises (Apr. 20, 2005), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Human Rights Resolution">
 			H.R. Res.</abbr>
 		2005/69, 
 	
 		Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, 
 	
 		(Apr. 20, 2005) available 
 	<a class="pdf" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/45377c80c.html">
 		online</a>. 
 
```
- United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Resolution 2005/69, Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises (April 20, 2005), available at http://www.refworld.org/docid/45377c80c.html [PDF].
- U.N. Reports
 1. U.N. Secretary-General Report; Report; Institutional Author; Remark; Signal; Coding Marker, Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Unlike most reports, U.N. reports do not render the author or the title in small caps; omit REPORT coding marker.
 - The pincite term “para.” is replaced with ¶ (followed by a space) during Coding.
 - While Remarks usually begin with a lowercase present participial (e.g. “discussing”), sometimes that form doesn’t work. In that case, use an uppercase introductory word (here “In”) and include terminal punctuation for the preceding phrase.
 - Secretary-General is hyphenated.
 - See Report of the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/2004.616, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, para. 38 (Aug. 23, 2004), available at https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/PCS%20S%202004%20616.pdf. [REMARK] (In 2004, the U.N. Secretary-General outlined a list of broadly defined goals. They include: retribution (i.e. bringing responsible perpetrators to justice), ending violations and preventing their recurrence, securing justice and dignity for victims, establishing “a record of past events,” promoting national “reconciliation,” “re-establishing the rule of law,” and contributing to the “restoration of peace”).
 - See Report of the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/2004.616, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, ¶ 38 (Aug. 23, 2004), available online.
 
 (In 2004, the U.N. Secretary-General outlined a list of broadly defined goals. They include: retribution (i.e. bringing responsible perpetrators to justice), ending violations and preventing their recurrence, securing justice and dignity for victims, establishing “a record of past events,” promoting national “reconciliation,” “re-establishing the rule of law,” and contributing to the “restoration of peace”).
 - ```
 
 	
 		See
 	
 		Report of the Secretary-General, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		S/2004.616, 
 	
 		The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, 
 	
 		&para; 38 (Aug. 23, 2004), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/PCS%20S%202004%20616.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
 
 	(In 2004, the 
 	<abbr title="United Nations">
 		U.N.</abbr>
 	Secretary-General outlined a list of broadly defined goals. They include: retribution (i.e. bringing responsible perpetrators to justice), ending violations and preventing their recurrence, securing justice and dignity for victims, establishing “a record of past events,” promoting national “reconciliation,” “re-establishing the rule of law,” and contributing to the “restoration of peace”). 
 
```
- See Report of the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/2004.616, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, para. 38 (Aug. 23, 2004), available at https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/PCS%20S%202004%20616.pdf. [REMARK] (In 2004, the U.N. Secretary-General outlined a list of broadly defined goals. They include: retribution (i.e. bringing responsible perpetrators to justice), ending violations and preventing their recurrence, securing justice and dignity for victims, establishing “a record of past events,” promoting national “reconciliation,” “re-establishing the rule of law,” and contributing to the “restoration of peace”).
2. U.N. Office of Internal Oversight Services Report; Institutional Author; Report; Pincite; Signal; Docket Number; Coding Marker; Abbreviations
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - UN Reports citations do not render the author or title in small caps; omit REPORT Coding Marker.
 - The pincite term “paras.” is replaced with ¶¶ (followed by a space) during Coding.
 - The institutional author, Office of Internal Oversight Services, should not be abbreviated when it begins the citation.
 - See Office of Internal Oversight Services, U.N. Doc. A/70/873—S/2016/441, Evaluation of the Methods and Work of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paras. 29–32 (May 12, 2016), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/135/71/PDF/N1613571.pdf.
 - See Office of Internal Oversight Services, U.N. Doc. A/70/873-S/2016/441, Evaluation of the Methods and Work of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ¶¶ 29–32 (May 12, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See
 	
 		Office of Internal Oversight Services, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		A/70/873-S/2016/441,
 	
 		Evaluation of the Methods and Work of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 
 	
 		&para;&para; 29–32 (May 12, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/135/71/PDF/N1613571.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - See Office of Internal Oversight Services, U.N. Doc. A/70/873—S/2016/441, Evaluation of the Methods and Work of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paras. 29–32 (May 12, 2016), available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/135/71/PDF/N1613571.pdf.
 3. U.N. International Law Commission Report; Titles; Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Title and citation are constructed.
 - International Law Commission, U.N. Doc. A/47/10, Report on the Work of its Forty-Fourth Session, Records of G.A. 47th Session Supp. 10, para. 41 (1992), available at https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_47_10.pdf.
 - International Law Commission, U.N. Doc. A/47/10, Report on the Work of its Forty-Fourth Session, Records of G.A. 47th Session Supp. 10, ¶ 41 (1992), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		International Law Commission, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		A/47/10,
 	
 		Report on the Work of its Forty-Fourth Session, 
 	
 		Records of 
 		<abbr title="General Assembly">
 			G.A.</abbr>
 		47th Session Supp. 10, &para; 41 (1992), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_47_10.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- International Law Commission, U.N. Doc. A/47/10, Report on the Work of its Forty-Fourth Session, Records of G.A. 47th Session Supp. 10, para. 41 (1992), available at https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_47_10.pdf.
4. U.N. Best Practices Manual for ICC Cooperation; Abbreviations; Titles; Report
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Unlike most reports, U.N. reports do not render the author or the title in small caps; omit REPORT coding marker.
 - Institutional author is not abbreviated when it appears at the beginning of the citation.
 - Organizations are not usually abbreviated in the title unless done so in the original.
 - United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Best Practices Manual for United Nations—International Criminal Court Cooperation (Sep. 26, 2016), available at https://www.un.org/sites/www.un.org.ola/files/documents/2018/10/best-practice-guidance-un-icc-cooperation-public.pdf.
 - United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Best Practices Manual for United Nations—International Criminal Court Cooperation (Sep. 26, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="https://legal.un.org/ola/">
 			United Nations Office of Legal Affairs,</a>
 	
 		Best Practices Manual for United Nations&mdash;International Criminal Court Cooperation
 	
 		(Sep. 26, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.un.org/sites/www.un.org.ola/files/documents/2018/10/best-practice-guidance-un-icc-cooperation-public.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Best Practices Manual for United Nations—International Criminal Court Cooperation (Sep. 26, 2016), available at https://www.un.org/sites/www.un.org.ola/files/documents/2018/10/best-practice-guidance-un-icc-cooperation-public.pdf.
- U.N. Other Documents
 1. Oslo I Accord; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, U.N. Doc. S/26560 Annex (September 13, 1993) [hereinafter Oslo I], available at https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185434/.
 - Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, U.N. Doc. S/26560 Annex (Sep. 13, 1993) [hereinafter Oslo I], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		S/26560 Annex (Sep. 13, 1993)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Oslo I], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185434/">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, U.N. Doc. S/26560 Annex (September 13, 1993) [hereinafter Oslo I], available at https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185434/.
2. Oslo II Accord; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, U.N. Doc. S/1997.357 Annex (September 28, 1995) [hereinafter Oslo II], available at https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185434/.
 - Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, U.N. Doc. S/1997.357 Annex (Sep. 28, 1995) [hereinafter Oslo II], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		S/1997.357 Annex (Sep. 28, 1995)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Oslo II], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185434/">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, U.N. Doc. S/1997.357 Annex (September 28, 1995) [hereinafter Oslo II], available at https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185434/.
 3. Rome Statute Negotiations; Remark; Main and Sub Title with No Author; Coding Marker; Pincite; Three Volume Set;
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, June 15-July 17, 1998, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/13 (Vol. II), Summary records of the plenary meetings and of the Committee of the Whole, 68, 88, 116, 187 (2002), available at https://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/1998_icc/docs/english/vol_2.pdf [REMARK] (reporting comments by Canada, Spain, Yemen, and Jordan, respectively, on the importance of the ICC being a "court of last resort").
 - United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, June 15–July 17, 1998, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/13 (Vol. II), Summary records of the plenary meetings and of the Committee of the Whole, 68, 88, 116, 187 (2002), available online
 
 (reporting comments by Canada, Spain, Yemen, and Jordan, respectively, on the importance of the ICC being a “court of last resort”).
 - ```
 
 	
 		United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, June 15&ndash;July 17, 1998, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		A/CONF.183/13 (Vol. II), Summary records of the plenary meetings and of the Committee of the Whole, 
 	
 		68, 88, 116, 187 (2002), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/1998_icc/docs/english/vol_2.pdf">
 			online</a>
 
 
 	(reporting comments by Canada, Spain, Yemen, and Jordan, respectively, on the importance of the 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC</abbr>
 	being a &ldquo;court of last resort&rdquo;). 
 
```
- United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, June 15-July 17, 1998, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/13 (Vol. II), Summary records of the plenary meetings and of the Committee of the Whole, 68, 88, 116, 187 (2002), available at https://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/1998_icc/docs/english/vol_2.pdf [REMARK] (reporting comments by Canada, Spain, Yemen, and Jordan, respectively, on the importance of the ICC being a "court of last resort").
4. U.N. Meetings Coverage (Press Release) from Security Council
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - U.N. Security Council is abbreviated “S.C.” except in Doc references.
 - U.N. “Meetings Coverage” is treated as a press release.
 - Security Council is coded as an institutional author.
 - Press Release, United Nations Security Council, SC/15280, "Cause for Optimism" in Delivering Justice to Libyan People, International Criminal Court Prosecutor Tells Security Council, Citing Progress in Past Six Months (May 11, 2023), available at https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15280.doc.htm.
 - Press Release, S.C., SC/15280, “Cause for Optimism” in Delivering Justice to Libyan People, International Criminal Court Prosecutor Tells Security Council, Citing Progress in Past Six Months (May 11, 2023), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Press Release, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Security Council">
 			<a href="https://www.un.org/en/sc/">
 				S.C.,</a></abbr>
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Security Council">
 			SC</abbr>/15280, 
 	
 		&ldquo;Cause for Optimism&rdquo; in Delivering Justice to Libyan People, International Criminal Court Prosecutor Tells Security Council, Citing Progress in Past Six Months
 	
 		(May 11, 2023), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15280.doc.htm">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - Press Release, United Nations Security Council, SC/15280, "Cause for Optimism" in Delivering Justice to Libyan People, International Criminal Court Prosecutor Tells Security Council, Citing Progress in Past Six Months (May 11, 2023), available at https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15280.doc.htm.
 5. U.N. Speech by Volodymyr Zelenskyy
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When the position held by the speaker is important to context, include it after speaker’s name.
 - Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, Speech at General Debate of the 77th Session of the U.N. General Assembly (Sep. 22, 2022), available at https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-ukrayini-na-zagalnih-debatah-77-yi-sesiyi-77905.
 - Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, Speech at General Debate of the 77th Session of the U.N. General Assembly (Sep. 22, 2022), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, 
 	
 		Speech at General Debate of the 77th Session of the 
 		<abbr title="United Nations">
 			U.N.</abbr>
 		General Assembly
 	
 		(Sep. 22, 2022), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-ukrayini-na-zagalnih-debatah-77-yi-sesiyi-77905">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, Speech at General Debate of the 77th Session of the U.N. General Assembly (Sep. 22, 2022), available at https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-ukrayini-na-zagalnih-debatah-77-yi-sesiyi-77905.
6. U.N. Statement by Germany to Sixth Committee; Titles
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Title is lowercase in the original; convert to title case.
 - Title in original has citation information which has been repurposed.
 - See Statement, Federal Republic of Germany, The Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction, U.N. Sixth Committee (Oct. 12, 2022), available at https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/universal_jurisdiction/12mtg_germany.pdf.
 - See Statement, Federal Republic of Germany, The Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction, U.N. Sixth Committee (Oct. 12, 2022), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See
 	Statement, 
 	
 		Federal Republic of Germany, 
 	
 		The Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction,
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations">
 			U.N.</abbr>
 		Sixth Committee (Oct. 12, 2022), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/universal_jurisdiction/12mtg_germany.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - See Statement, Federal Republic of Germany, The Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction, U.N. Sixth Committee (Oct. 12, 2022), available at https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/77/pdfs/statements/universal_jurisdiction/12mtg_germany.pdf.
ICC Forum
- Generally
 - - Notes
 - - Use the initial posting date for cites to issues generally: dates for issues. At the end of each invited expert’s opinion, look for a suggested citation to both the individual opinion and the issue generally.
- Issues Generally
 1. ICC Forum Issue Generally; Title; Date
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - A suggested citation to each ICC Forum issue can be found at the end of each invited expert comment for that issue.
 - Use the initial posting date for cites to issues generally: dates for issues
 - Use the short form of the question converted to headline case: titles for issues
 - Even though the title ends with a question mark, a comma is still appended.
 - How can the Performance of the ICC be Properly Assessed?, ICC Forum (July 10, 2017), available at https://iccforum.com/performance.
 - How can the Performance of the ICC be Properly Assessed?, ICC Forum (Jul. 10, 2017), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		How can the Performance of the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		be Properly Assessed?, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Human Rights and International Criminal Law Online Forum">
 			<a href="/home">
 				<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 					ICC 
 				</abbr>
 				Forum</a>
 		</abbr>
 		(Jul. 10, 2017), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="/performance">
 			online.</a>
 	
 
```
- How can the Performance of the ICC be Properly Assessed?, ICC Forum (July 10, 2017), available at https://iccforum.com/performance.
- Comments
 1. Comment by ICC Forum Invited Expert; Pincite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - A suggested citation to each invited expert comment can be found at the end of the comment.
 - URL provided is to his anchor on the main issue page for his comment.
 - As the author is a member of the ICC Forum, his name is wrapped with a link to his profile page during Coding.
 - Pincite to a section or paragraph marker is not preceded by a comma.
 - Cedric Ryngaert, Some Reflections on Securing the Arrest of ICC Fugitives § 2, ICC Forum (February 13, 2014), available at https://iccforum.com/arrest#Ryngaert.
 - Cedric Ryngaert, Some Reflections on Securing the Arrest of ICC Fugitives § 2, ICC Forum (Feb. 13, 2014), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/ryngaert">
 			Cedric Ryngaert,</a>
 	
 		Some Reflections on Securing the Arrest of 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>
 		Fugitives
 	§ 2, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Human Rights and International Criminal Law Online Forum">
 			<a href="/home">
 				<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 					ICC</abbr>
 				Forum</a></abbr>
 		(Feb. 13, 2014), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="/arrest#Ryngaert">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Cedric Ryngaert, Some Reflections on Securing the Arrest of ICC Fugitives § 2, ICC Forum (February 13, 2014), available at https://iccforum.com/arrest#Ryngaert.
2. Comment by ICC Forum Member
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - URL provided is to the permalink.
 - As the author is a member of the ICC Forum, his name is wrapped with a link to his profile page during Coding.
 - Al Mariam, Saving the ICC: A Proposal for a Witness Protection Program, ICC Forum (April 6, 2014), available at https://iccforum.com/forum/permalink/91/4167.
 - Al Mariam, Saving the ICC: A Proposal for a Witness Protection Program, ICC Forum (Apr. 6, 2014), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/almariam">
 			Al Mariam,</a>
 	
 	
 		Saving the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>: A Proposal for a Witness Protection Program, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Human Rights and International Criminal Law Online Forum">
 			<a href="/home">
 				ICC Forum</a>
 		</abbr>
 		(Apr. 6, 2014), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="/forum/permalink/91/4167">
 			online.</a>
 	
 
```
 - Al Mariam, Saving the ICC: A Proposal for a Witness Protection Program, ICC Forum (April 6, 2014), available at https://iccforum.com/forum/permalink/91/4167.
- Video Lectures
 1. ICC Forum Video Lecture; Pincite to Time; Video
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - As an invited expert of the ICC Forum, the author’s name is wrapped with a link to his profile page during Coding.
 - David Scheffer, Video Lecture, Comment on the Arrest Question: What Steps Can and Should the ICC Take to Secure the Arrest and Surrender of Indictees?, ICC Forum, at 26:36 (February 5, 2013), available at https://iccforum.com/forum/arrest-lecture.
 - David Scheffer, Video Lecture, Comment on the Arrest Question: What Steps Can and Should the ICC Take to Secure the Arrest and Surrender of Indictees?, ICC Forum, at 26:36 (Feb. 5, 2013), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/scheffer">
 			David Scheffer</a>, Video Lecture, 
 	
 		Comment on the Arrest Question: What Steps Can and Should the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC 
 		</abbr>
 		Take to Secure the Arrest and Surrender of Indictees?, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Human Rights and International Criminal Law Online Forum">
 			<a href="https://iccforum.com/">
 				ICC Forum,</a>
 		</abbr> 
 		at 26:36 
 		(Feb. 5, 2013), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="/forum/arrest-lecture">
 			online.</a>
 	
 
```
- David Scheffer, Video Lecture, Comment on the Arrest Question: What Steps Can and Should the ICC Take to Secure the Arrest and Surrender of Indictees?, ICC Forum, at 26:36 (February 5, 2013), available at https://iccforum.com/forum/arrest-lecture.
- Articles from “Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court”
 1. Article; Book—Collection; Earlier Version on ICC Forum; Pincite; DOI; Date; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - URL is directly to invited expert’s comment on the ICC Forum.
 - Date of earlier version is the launch date for that issue.
 - As author is an invited expert, his name is linked to his profile page on the ICC Forum during Coding.
 - Pincite to page 202 follows the book title without a preceding comma. Second and subsequent pages would be separated by a hyphen (replaced with an en-dash in Coding) to indicate a range or, in this case, a comma to indicate a single separate page.
 - [BOOK] William W. Burke-White, Maximizing the ICC’s Crime Prevention Impact Through Positive Complementarity and Hard-Nosed Diplomacy, in Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court 202, 212 (Richard H. Steinberg ed., Apr. 8, 2016), doi at https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304451, earlier version (October 6, 2011) available at https://iccforum.com/prevention#Burke-White.
 - William W. Burke-White, Maximizing the ICC’s Crime Prevention Impact Through Positive Complementarity and Hard-Nosed Diplomacy, in Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court 202, 212 (Richard H. Steinberg ed., 2016), paywall, doi, earlier version (Oct. 6, 2011) available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/burke-white">
 			William W. Burke-White,</a>
 	
 		Maximizing the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>’s Crime Prevention Impact Through Positive Complementarity and Hard-Nosed Diplomacy, 
 	
 		in 
 	
 	
 		Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court
 	
 		202, 212 
 		(<a href="/users/steinberg">Richard H. Steinberg</a>
 		ed., 
 		
 			2016), 
 	
 		<a href="https://brill.com/view/title/32363">
 			paywall,</a>
 		<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304451">
 			<abbr title="digital object identifier">
 				doi</abbr>,</a>
 		earlier version (Oct. 6, 2011) available 
 		<a href="/prevention#Burke-White">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- [BOOK] William W. Burke-White, Maximizing the ICC’s Crime Prevention Impact Through Positive Complementarity and Hard-Nosed Diplomacy, in Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court 202, 212 (Richard H. Steinberg ed., Apr. 8, 2016), doi at https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304451, earlier version (October 6, 2011) available at https://iccforum.com/prevention#Burke-White.
2. Article; Book—Collection; Earlier Version on ICC Forum; Multiple Authors; DOI; Date
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - URL is directly to invited experts’ comment on the ICC Forum.
 - Date of earlier version is the launch date of that issue.
 - As authors are invited experts, their names are linked to their profile pages on the ICC Forum during Coding.
 - Generally, there would be a comma prior to “available at”, but when the text that precedes it is describing the URL — “earlier version (March 17, 2013) available at …” — then the comma is omitted.
 - Two authors’ names are separated by an ampersand.
 - M. Cherif Bassiouni & Douglass Hansen, The Inevitable Practice of the Office of the Prosecutor, in Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court (Richard H. Steinberg ed., Apr. 8, 2016), doi at https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304451, earlier version (March 17, 2013) available at https://iccforum.com/africa#Bassiouni.
 - M. Cherif Bassiouni & Douglass Hansen, The Inevitable Practice of the Office of the Prosecutor, in Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court (Richard H. Steinberg ed., 2016), earlier version (Mar. 17, 2013) available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<a href="/users/bassiouni">
 			M. Cherif Bassiouni</a>
 	&amp; <a href="/users/hansen">
 			Douglass Hansen,</a>
 	
 		The Inevitable Practice of the Office of the Prosecutor, 
 	
 		in 
 	
 	
 		Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court
 	
 		(<a href="/users/steinberg">Richard H. Steinberg</a>
 		ed., 
 		
 			2016), earlier version (Mar. 17, 2013) 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="/africa#Bassiouni">
 			online.</a>
 
```
 - M. Cherif Bassiouni & Douglass Hansen, The Inevitable Practice of the Office of the Prosecutor, in Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court (Richard H. Steinberg ed., Apr. 8, 2016), doi at https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304451, earlier version (March 17, 2013) available at https://iccforum.com/africa#Bassiouni.
Others
1. U.S. Supreme Court Case; Pincite; Entities; Foreign Language Term
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The website supreme.justia.com/ is recommended, but not required, for U.S. Supreme Court case citations.
 - When PDF format files preserve the original formatting, they are preferred over text pages.
 - Use the full case title rather than a shortened version. Not: “Planned Parenthood v. Casey”
 - et al. isn’t preceded by a comma when it follows a placename or surname—“… Southeastern Pennsylvania et al.” But “Governor of Pennsylvania” is a clause modifying Casey, so the preceding comma is appropriate.
 - Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania et al. v. Casey, Governor of Pennsylvania, et al., 505 U.S. 833, 865–66 (June 29, 1992), available at https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/505/833/case.pdf.
 - Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania et al. v. Casey, Governor of Pennsylvania, et al., 505 U.S. 833, 865–66 (Jun. 29, 1992), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania 
 			<dfn title="and others">
 				et al. 
 			</dfn>
 			v. Casey, Governor of Pennsylvania, 
 			<dfn title="and others">
 				et al.</dfn></cite>, 
 	
 		505 U.S. 833, 865–66 (Jun. 29, 1992), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/505/833/case.pdf" class="pdf">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
```
- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania et al. v. Casey, Governor of Pennsylvania, et al., 505 U.S. 833, 865–66 (June 29, 1992), available at https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/505/833/case.pdf.
2. U.S. Constitution; Abbreviations; Archived; String Cite; No Date; Signal
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - URLs go to the particular article or amendment cited. The archived version goes to either the Constitution (https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution), the Bill of Rights (1-10 at https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights) or Amendments 11-27 (https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/amendments-11-27, and there are anchors on the webpage sidebar for the particular amendment, e.g. the 14th amendment is at https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/amendments-11-27#xiv).
 - No date is necessary when citing the current version of the U.S. Constitution or its amendments.
 - While the Bluebook prefers abbreviating “U.S. Const.” as an exception to the usual rule against abbreviating the first element of a citation, the ICC Forum does not.
 - United States Constitution, Art. 1 sect. 1, available at https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/, archived at https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution; For the powers of the executive, see id. Art. 2 sect. 1–2, available at https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-2/.
 - U.S. Constitution, Art. 1 § 1, available online, archived; For the powers of the executive, see Id. Art. 2 § 1-2, available online.
 - ```
 
 	U.S. Constitution, Art. 1 § 1, available
 	<a href="https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/">
 		online</a>, 
 	<a href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution">
 		archived</a>; For the powers of the executive, see <dfn title="in the same place">
 											Id.</dfn> Art. 2 § 1-2, available 
 	<a href="https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-2/">
 		online</a>. 
 
```
- United States Constitution, Art. 1 sect. 1, available at https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/, archived at https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution; For the powers of the executive, see id. Art. 2 sect. 1–2, available at https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-2/.
3. Statute; U.S. Code; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - When citing statutes, providing a URL is particularly important.
 - If one exists, use the name of the section rather than a common name, like “Alien Tort Act”. The common name, however, can be used for the hereinafter reference.
 - Unnecessary to string additional reporters together — i.e. if citing to 28 U.S.C. § 1350, don’t also cite to 62 Stat. 934.
 - Alien’s Action for Tort, 28 United States Code sect. 1350 (June 25, 1948) [hereinafter Alien Tort Act], available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1350.
 - Alien’s Action for Tort, 28 U.S.C. § 1350 (Jun. 25, 1948) [hereinafter Alien Tort Act], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Alien’s Action for Tort, 
 	
 		28 
 		<abbr title="United States Code">
 			U.S.C. 
 		</abbr>
 		§ 1350 (Jun. 25, 1948)
 	
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Alien Tort Act], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1350">
 			online.</a>  
 	
 
```
- Alien’s Action for Tort, 28 United States Code sect. 1350 (June 25, 1948) [hereinafter Alien Tort Act], available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1350.
4. U.S. Congress Legislation, Bill in Process
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Add the last major action on the bill before the date when it occurred.
 - Google “H.R. 8282” to find the last major action available from congress.gov.
 - Illegitimate Court Counteraction Act, House of Representatives 8282, 118th Congress (Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, September 11, 2024), available at https://www.congress.gov/118/bills/hr8282/BILLS-118hr8282rfs.pdf.
 - Illegitimate Court Counteraction Act, H.R. 8282, 118th Cong. (Referred to the CFR, September 11, 2024), available online.
 - ```
 
 	Illegitimate Court Counteraction Act, 
 
 	<abbr title="United States House of Representatives">
 		H.R.</abbr>
 	8282, 118th 
 	<abbr title="Congress">
 		Cong.</abbr>
 	(Referred to the <abbr title="Committee on Foreign Relations">CFR</abbr>,
 	
 		September 11, 2024), 
 
 	available 
 	<a href="https://www.congress.gov/118/bills/hr8282/BILLS-118hr8282rfs.pdf">
 		online.
```
- Illegitimate Court Counteraction Act, House of Representatives 8282, 118th Congress (Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, September 11, 2024), available at https://www.congress.gov/118/bills/hr8282/BILLS-118hr8282rfs.pdf.
5. Presidential Executive Order; Titles; Hereinafter
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The title was constructed to include “Presidential Executive Order 13928:” together with the order’s title.
 - Hereinafter contains an abbreviation.
 - Presidential Executive Order 13928: Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated with the International Criminal Court, 85 Federal Register 115 (June 11, 2020) [hereinafter EO 13928], available at href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-06-15/pdf/2020-12953.pdf.
 - Presidential Executive Order 13928: Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated with the International Criminal Court, 85 FR 115 (Jun. 11, 2020) [hereinafter EO 13928], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Presidential Executive Order 13928: Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated with the International Criminal Court, 
 	
 		85 
 		<abbr title="Federal Register">
 			<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/frtoc/today">
 				FR</a></abbr>
 		115 (Jun. 11, 2020)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		<abbr title="Executive Order">
 			EO</abbr>
 		13928], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-06-15/pdf/2020-12953.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Presidential Executive Order 13928: Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated with the International Criminal Court, 85 Federal Register 115 (June 11, 2020) [hereinafter EO 13928], available at href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-06-15/pdf/2020-12953.pdf.
6. Speech; Author; Author’s Title; Speech Location; Archived; Signal
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - For a speech, the speakers position follows their name.
 - Where the speech was given is sometimes important.
 - This speech had a title; many do not.
 - The recognized signal is italicized during Coding.
 - An archive link was created for this source.
 - See, e.g., Fatou Bensouda, ICC Prosecutor, Remarks at Tenth Plenary Meeting, Discussions on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Court Proceedings (November 24, 2015), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=otp-stat-24-11-20015-asp, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rW8KnxVT.
 - See, e.g., Fatou Bensouda, ICC Prosecutor, Remarks at Tenth Plenary Meeting, Discussions on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Court Proceedings (Nov. 24, 2015), available online, archived.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See, e.g., 
 	
 		Fatou Bensouda, 
 	<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 		ICC 
 	</abbr>
 	Prosecutor, Remarks at Tenth Plenary Meeting, 
 	
 		Discussions on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Court Proceedings 
 	
 	(Nov. 24, 2015), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=otp-stat-24-11-20015-asp">
 			online,</a> 
 		<a href="http://www.webcitation.org/6rW8KnxVT">
 			archived.</a> 
 	
 
```
- See, e.g., Fatou Bensouda, ICC Prosecutor, Remarks at Tenth Plenary Meeting, Discussions on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Court Proceedings (November 24, 2015), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=otp-stat-24-11-20015-asp, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6rW8KnxVT.
7. ICJ Judgment
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Judgment, 1986 International Court of Justice 14 (June 27, 1986), available at https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/70/070-19860627-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
 - Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Judgment, 1986 ICJ 14 (Jun. 27, 1986), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States)</cite>, Judgment, 
 	
 		1986 
 		<abbr title="International Court of Justice">
 			ICJ</abbr>
 		14 (Jun. 27, 1986), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/70/070-19860627-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Judgment, 1986 International Court of Justice 14 (June 27, 1986), available at https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/70/070-19860627-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
8. ICJ Advisory Opinion
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion), 1996 International Court of Justice Reports 226 (July 8, 1996) [hereinafter Nuclear Weapons], available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf.
 - Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 1996 ICJ 226 (Jul. 8, 1996) [hereinafter Nuclear Weapons], available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<cite>
 			Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons</cite>, Advisory Opinion, 
 	
 		1996 
 		<abbr title="International Court of Justice">
 			ICJ</abbr>
 		226 (Jul. 8, 1996)
 	[hereinafter 
 	
 		Nuclear Weapons], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion), 1996 International Court of Justice Reports 226 (July 8, 1996) [hereinafter Nuclear Weapons], available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf.
9. Press Release; Institutional Author; Hereinafter; Blockquote; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Omit a preceding comma when hereinafter brackets follow a closing parenthesis.
 - See Press Release, FIDH, Termination of Ruto and Sang Case at the ICC: Witness Tampering Means Impunity Prevails over Justice Again (May 4, 2016) [hereinafter Termination], available at https://www.fidh.org/en/region/Africa/kenya/termination-of-ruto-and-sang-case-at-the-icc-witness-tampering-means. [BLOCKQUOTE] (“The systematic witness tampering and intimidation experienced in the Kenya cases has denied thousands of victims of the post-election violence the justice they rightfully deserve.”)
 - See Press Release, FIDH, Termination of Ruto and Sang Case at the ICC: Witness Tampering Means Impunity Prevails over Justice Again (May 4, 2016) [hereinafter Termination], available online.
 
 (“The systematic witness tampering and intimidation experienced in the Kenya cases has denied thousands of victims of the post-election violence the justice they rightfully deserve.”)
 - ```
 
 	
 		See 
 	
 	Press Release, 
 	
 		<abbr title="Fédération Internationale des Droits de l’Homme">
 			<a href="http://www.fidh.org/">
 				FIDH,</a> 
 		</abbr>
 	
 	
 		Termination of Ruto and Sang Case at the 
 		<abbr title="International Criminal Court">
 			ICC</abbr>: Witness Tampering Means Impunity Prevails over Justice Again 
 	
 	
 		(May 4, 2016) [hereinafter 
 	
 		Termination], 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.fidh.org/en/region/Africa/kenya/termination-of-ruto-and-sang-case-at-the-icc-witness-tampering-means">
 			online.</a> 
 	
 
 
 	(“The systematic witness tampering and intimidation experienced in the Kenya cases has denied thousands of victims of the post-election violence the justice they rightfully deserve.”) 
 
```
- See Press Release, FIDH, Termination of Ruto and Sang Case at the ICC: Witness Tampering Means Impunity Prevails over Justice Again (May 4, 2016) [hereinafter Termination], available at https://www.fidh.org/en/region/Africa/kenya/termination-of-ruto-and-sang-case-at-the-icc-witness-tampering-means. [BLOCKQUOTE] (“The systematic witness tampering and intimidation experienced in the Kenya cases has denied thousands of victims of the post-election violence the justice they rightfully deserve.”)
10. Spokesperson Briefing
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - The person giving the briefing is the author.
 - Identify the role of the spokesperson.
 - Maria Zakharova, Russian Federation Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Briefing (January 26, 2016), available at https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2039123.
 - Maria Zakharova, Russian Federation Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Briefing (Jan. 26, 2016), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		Maria Zakharova, Russian Federation Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, 
 	
 		Briefing
 	
 		(Jan. 26, 2016), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2039123">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- Maria Zakharova, Russian Federation Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Briefing (January 26, 2016), available at https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2039123.
11. Speech with Transcript and Video; Titles; Not Pincite; Video
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Two online URLs are provided—one to the transcript and one to the video.
 - The beginning time for the video is not a pincite, so it does not appear after the title. Instead, it provides information about how to find the source as a whole—the speech doesn’t begin until more than an hour into the video.
 - During Coding, the beginning time for the video is encoded in the video URL.
 - John Bolton, National Security Advisor, Speech to the Federalist Society (September 10, 2018), transcript available at https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/johnboltonfederalistsociety2018.htm, video available at https://youtu.be/2Aa-Fjmb7DE (begins at 1:24:07).
 - John Bolton, National Security Advisor, Speech to the Federalist Society (Sep. 10, 2018), transcript available online, video available online (begins at 1:24:07).
 - ```
 
 	
 		John Bolton, National Security Advisor, 
 	
 		Speech to the Federalist Society
 	
 		(Sep. 10, 2018), transcript 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/johnboltonfederalistsociety2018.htm">
 			online,</a>
 		video available 
 		<a href="https://youtu.be/2Aa-Fjmb7DE?t=1h24m7s">
 			online</a>
 		
 			(begins at 1:24:07).
 
```
- John Bolton, National Security Advisor, Speech to the Federalist Society (September 10, 2018), transcript available at https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/johnboltonfederalistsociety2018.htm, video available at https://youtu.be/2Aa-Fjmb7DE (begins at 1:24:07).
12. Unpublished Dissertation; DOI; PDF
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - DOI’s change so there
 - James Graham Stewart, Atrocity, Commerce and Accountability: Corporate Responsibility for International Crimes (2013) (Unpublished Juridicae Scientiae Doctor Dissertation, Columbia University), available at https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:188545/content/Stewart_columbia_0054D_11424.pdf, doi at https://doi.org/10.7916/D85T3JVT.
 - James Graham Stewart, Atrocity, Commerce and Accountability: Corporate Responsibility for International Crimes (2013) (Unpublished JSD Dissertation, Columbia University), available online, doi.
 - ```
 
 	
 		James Graham Stewart, 
 	
 		Atrocity, Commerce and Accountability: Corporate Responsibility for International Crimes 
 	
 	
 		(2013) 
 	
 	(Unpublished 
 	<abbr title="Juridicae Scientiae Doctor">
 		JSD 
 	</abbr>
 	Dissertation, Columbia University), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:188545/content/Stewart_columbia_0054D_11424.pdf">
 			online</a>, 
 		<a href="https://doi.org/10.7916/D85T3JVT">
 			<abbr title="digital object identifier">
 				doi</abbr>.</a>
 	
 
```
- James Graham Stewart, Atrocity, Commerce and Accountability: Corporate Responsibility for International Crimes (2013) (Unpublished Juridicae Scientiae Doctor Dissertation, Columbia University), available at https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:188545/content/Stewart_columbia_0054D_11424.pdf, doi at https://doi.org/10.7916/D85T3JVT.
13. Ph.D. Thesis; Strange URL Quirk; Coding Marker
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Ph.D. thesis indication is in its own parentheses after the date. The University is included.
 - The space after the URL is required! An example of strange quirks of URLs that need to be maintained.
 - A coding marker NOTE is used to communicate about that space to the Coder.
 - See Hossam ElDeeb, The Ratification and Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by the Arab States: Prospects and Challenges (December 2015) (Ph.D. thesis, University of Brunel), available at https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/14595/1/FulltextThesis.pdf . [NOTE](Space after URL is required)
 - See Hossam ElDeeb, The Ratification and Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by the Arab States: Prospects and Challenges (Dec. 2015) (Ph.D. thesis, University of Brunel), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		See
 	
 		Hossam ElDeeb, 
 	
 		The Ratification and Implementation of the 
 		<cite>
 			Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</cite>
 		by the Arab States: Prospects and Challenges
 	
 		(Dec. 2015)
 	(Ph.D. thesis, University of Brunel), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a class="pdf" href="https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/14595/1/FulltextThesis.pdf%20">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- See Hossam ElDeeb, The Ratification and Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by the Arab States: Prospects and Challenges (December 2015) (Ph.D. thesis, University of Brunel), available at https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/14595/1/FulltextThesis.pdf . [NOTE](Space after URL is required)
14. String Cite
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - Multiple citations in the same footnote are separated with a semicolon.
 - As Carsten Stahn is an invited expert, his name is linked to his profile pages on the ICC Forum during Coding.
 - G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, 2005 World Summit Outcome, para. 138 (Sep. 16, 2005), available at https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf; Carsten Stahn, The Future of International Criminal Justice, 4 HJJ 257 (2009), available at https://www.elevenjournals.com/tijdschrift/hjj/2009/3/HJJ_187-4202_2009_004_003_008.pdf.
 - G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, 2005 World Summit Outcome, ¶ 138 (Sep. 16, 2005), available online; Carsten Stahn, The Future of International Criminal Justice, 4 HJJ 257 (2009), available online.
 - ```
 
 	
 		<abbr title="General Assembly Resolution">
 			G.A. Res.</abbr>
 		60/1, 
 	
 		<abbr title="United Nations Document">
 			U.N. Doc.</abbr>
 		A/Res/60/1, 
 	
 		2005 World Summit Outcome, 
 	
 		&para; 138 (Sep. 16, 2005), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf">
 			online;</a>
 	
 		<a href="/users/stahn">
 			Carsten Stahn,</a>
 	
 		The Future of International Criminal Justice, 
 	
 		4 
 		<abbr title="Hague Justice Journal">
 			<a href="http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=5475">
 				HJJ</a></abbr>
 		257 (2009), 
 	
 		available 
 		<a href="https://www.elevenjournals.com/tijdschrift/hjj/2009/3/HJJ_187-4202_2009_004_003_008.pdf">
 			online.</a>
 
```
- G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, 2005 World Summit Outcome, para. 138 (Sep. 16, 2005), available at https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf; Carsten Stahn, The Future of International Criminal Justice, 4 HJJ 257 (2009), available at https://www.elevenjournals.com/tijdschrift/hjj/2009/3/HJJ_187-4202_2009_004_003_008.pdf.
15. Feature Film; Paywall
 - Notes
 
 You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - - If different, use the distribution company rather than the producer.
 - The Reckoning (Skylight Pictures, July 14, 2009), available at https://vimeo.com/ondemand/thereckoning/19673413 [PAYWALL].
 - The Reckoning (Skylight Pictures, Jul. 14, 2009), paywall.
 - ```
 
 	
 		The Reckoning 
 	
 	
 		(<a href="https://skylight.is/">Skylight Pictures,</a>
 	</abbr>
 	
 		Jul. 14, 2009), 
 
 <a href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/thereckoning/19673413">
 	paywall.</a>
 
 
```
- The Reckoning (Skylight Pictures, July 14, 2009), available at https://vimeo.com/ondemand/thereckoning/19673413 [PAYWALL].
16. Feature Film; Paywall
 - You Write
 
 Result
 
 Code
 - The Godfather (Paramount Pictures, 1972), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdQi6Ebjm8c [PAYWALL].
 - The Godfather (Paramount Pictures, 1972), paywall.
 - ```
 
 	
 		The Godfather 
 	
 	
 		(<a href="https://www.paramount.com/">Paramount Pictures,</a>
 	
 		1972), 
 
 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdQi6Ebjm8c">
 	paywall.</a>
 
 
```
- The Godfather (Paramount Pictures, 1972), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdQi6Ebjm8c [PAYWALL].

Comment and Citation Guidelines

Overview

Entire Comment

Comment Body

Citations Generally

Parts of Citations

Background Materials

Exemplars

News Sources

Generally

With Author

News Source; Author

News Source; Author; Remark; Coding Marker

Title; Signal; News Source; Remark; Coding Marker

Title; News Source

News Source; Title; Blockquote; Coding Marker

Editorial; Remark; News Source; Author

Without Author

News Source; No Author

News Source, No Author, Signal

News Source; No Author; News Agency; Hereinafter

Periodicals

Consecutively Paged

Consecutively Paged Periodical; Entities; Signal

Consecutively Paged Periodical; Pincite to Range of Pages; Entities; Coding Marker

Earlier Version; Archived; PDF; Coding Marker

Consecutively Paged Periodical; Paywall; Earlier Version; Coding Marker

Consecutively Paged Periodical; Paywall; Earlier Version; Archived; Signal; PDF; Coding Marker

Consecutively Paged Periodical; Background Materials; Remark; DOI; Coding Marker

One Source Citing Another; Consecutively Paged Periodical; Pincite to First Page; PDF; Paywall; Coding Marker

Not Consecutively Paged

Non Consecutively Paged Periodical

Non Consecutively Paged Periodical; Entities; Signal

Non Consecutively Paged Periodical; Signal

Non Consecutively Paged Periodical; Foreign Language Term; Signal; Coding Marker

Institutional Authors

With Author

Congressional Research Service Report; Report; Docket Number; Institutional Author; Multiple Authors; Pincite

Official Letter with Sender and Recipient; Titles; Abbreviations

Institutional Author; Multiple Authors; Coding Marker; Report

Multiple Authors; Draft Version; Report; Pincite; PDF; Coding Marker

Without Author

Institutional Author; Signal

Background Materials; Institutional Author; Report; Archived; PDF; Date; Coding Marker

Institutional Author; Report; Pincite; Coding Marker

Department of Government; Institutional Author; Report

Books

Alone

Book—Not a Collection; Pincite; Link Not Found; Coding Marker

Book—Not a Collection; Signal; Link Not Found; Coding Marker

Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction; Book—Not a Collection; Author; Pincite

Collection of Articles

Book—Collection; Multiple Authors; Pincite; Link Not Found; Coding Marker

Article; Book—Collection; Link Not Found; Entities; Coding Marker; Pincite

Book—Collection; Multiple Authors; Signal; Pincite; Coding Marker

Book—Collection; Multiple Editors; Hereinafter; Coding Marker

Websites

Generally

With Author

Webpage; Author; Date

Cite to Twitter; Author; Date; Title

Webpage; Author; No Date; Last Visited

Without Author

Webpage; No Author; No Date; Last Visited; Hereinafter

Webpage; No Author; No Date; Last Visited

Webpage; No Author; No Date; Last Visited

Website as a Whole; No Author; No Date; Last Visited

Webpage; No Date; No Author; Last Visited

Webpage; No Author; Date; Hereinafter

Webpage; Article in Online Encyclopædia; No Author; No Date; Last Visited

Online Videos

YouTube; Speaker’s Series; Author; Titles; Date; Video

Vimeo; Author; Date; Pincite to Time; Video

YouTube; Press Conference; Video

Treaties

Generally

Shortcodes

Rome Statute; Shortcode; Pincite

Genocide Convention; Shortcode; Pincite

United Nations Charter; Shortcode; Hereinafter; No Date; Entities; Pincite